Consolidating Power Through War and Reform

Some ideas of French philosophes implemented Global Markets and dire need for tax reform Selected extension of education Religious toleration Widespread poverty

Wars no longer fought over religion Wars now fought for empires and markets. Technology makes war: more expensive more technical limited in scope Militarism develops in Prussia

During the 16 th, 17 th, and 18 th centuries, the balance of power principle had been worked for. this would prevent creation of a single nation in Europe many believed France or Spain might attempt to create such a nation Alliances formed /switched in order to prevent any one European power from becoming too powerful. This led to multiple European powers (Aust, Pruss, GB, Fr) forming and changing alliances multiple times to prevent the hegemony of one nation or alliance. A number of wars resulted in this search for balance including the American Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.

Between 1740 and 1748, most of Europe fought over the right of Maria Theresa to rule the Habsburg territories. A woman was ineligible to assume the Habsburg throne. Allowed under the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 Prussia and France were challenging Habsburg dominance in Europe. The war included all of the following conflicts: King George's War in North America War of Jenkins' Ear in the Caribbean, Atlantic and Pacific First Carnatic War in India First and Second Silesian Wars

Great Britain and France proposed terms of the treaty Austria: ceded Silesia to Prussia gave up some of its Italian lands to Spain France: left the Netherlands in exchange for lost colonies. surrendered Madras to Britain Commercial disputes between Britain and France over territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia were not settled.

Impacted: Europe, North America, Central America, West African coast, India, and the Philippines AKA: French and Indian War (US) War of the Conquest (French-speaking Canada Seven Years War (English-speaking Canada) Pomeranian War (Sweden and Prussia) Third Carnatic War (India) Third Silesian War (Prussia and Austria) War caused by the antagonisms between: Great Britain, France, and Spain over colonies and trade. Prussia was competing with Austria for control of the HRE and its lands.

EUROPE: No changes Status quo ante FRANCE: cedes New France (excl. Louisiana) to Great Britain cedes Louisiana to Spain recognizes British supremacy in Bengal SPAIN: cedes Florida to Great Britain GREAT BRITAIN: returns Cuba and Philippine Islands to Spain

18 th Century: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth weak Divided up among: Russia Prussia Habsburg Austria

Increased military power only achieved by: modernizing armies increasing naval power Increasing economic strength The need for increased funds led rulers to look for ways to improve the money making capabilities of their nations. Rational analysis led many rulers to adopt reforms such as: religious toleration freedom of speech and the press right to hold private property

“A properly constituted state must be exactly analogous to a machine…the ruler must be the foreman, the mainspring… which sets everything in motion.” “A single mass of people all subject to impartial guidance”

Enacted financial reforms Promoted commerce, and agriculture Reorganized Austria‘s military Medical reforms included mandatory inoculations Education was mandatory from age 6 to 12 for all children Refused to allow religious toleration

EXPANDED ON MARIA THERESA’S REFORMS. Law abolished brutal punishments complete equality of treatment for all offenders was enforced ended censorship of the press and theatre. full legal freedom to serfs Religion Limited role and power of RCC in his empire Promoted religious tolerance Education compulsory elementary education(all M/F) scholarships for talented poor student Allowed schools for Jews and other religions language of instruction was in German

“I am the first servant of the state”

FREDERICK II (Frederick The Great) An absolute ruler led with the philosophy that he was the "first servant of the state." Ruled by following his beliefs of what was most beneficial for Prussia Built Prussia into a strong state through expansion and reform. Domestic reforms modernized Prussia: granted freedom of the press enforced general education rules across Prussia established universal religious toleration Protestants for govt positions Jesuits as educators Hugenots craftsmen Jewish merchants and bankers enforced a more rapid legal process abolishing torture limiting the death penalty judges were formally educated established the first German law code built thousands of miles of roads

“ Philosophes write on paper, but I have to write on human skin, which is far more ticklish”.

CATHERINE THE GREAT Admired Enlightenment ideals Based legal reform on Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws Granted limited religious toleration Permitted limited social critiques Expanded educational opportunities but with limited funding Encouraged scholarship and science Ruled as an autocrat Retained serfdom Restricted Jews living areas Increasingly conservative over time Crushed rebellions that she saw as threatening her rule

"Listen to the people, seek advice from your Council, but decide alone."

Abolished hereditary control of public office Attempted to tax the Nobility Centralization of power & uniformity of law Emphasized military strength Promoted religious toleration Attempted to strengthen state in order to make just and equitable Fought many wars – weakened treasury Increased distrust absolute monarch by population

Old Idea Louis XIV “I am the state.” The state and its citizens exist to serve the monarch. New Idea Fredrick the Great: “the first servant of the state.” The monarch exists to serve the state and citizens.