3. Working hours and balancing work and non-working life (a) Working hours Measuring the Quality of Employment 11 th -13 th September 2013, Geneva Dr.Hanna Sutela Senior researcher Population and Living Conditions/Statistics Finland

“50. The number of hours worked and their scheduling is another important aspect of the quality of employment. Excessively long or involuntary short hours of work may have a significant impact on human well-being. The same applies to the percentage of employed persons working in more than one job.” Statistical framework for measuring quality of employment. Draft revised after the meeting on November /09/20132Hanna Sutela

3a Working hours 3a1 Mean weekly hours usually worked per employed person 3a2 Percentage of employed persons usually working 49 hours or more per week 3a3 Percentage of employed persons working few hours per week involuntarily (involuntary part-time) 3a4 Employment by weekly hours usually worked (quintiles) 3a5 Percentage of employed persons working more than one job 11/09/20133Hanna Sutela

Points raised in the Geneva 2011 meeting: Important to distinguish full-time and part-time workers Average working hours problematic Refer to usual rather than actual hours „Involuntary“ part-time needs harmonisation 11/09/20134Hanna Sutela

11/09/20135Hanna Sutela Major changes agreed by Expert Group in November 2012 One proposed indicator removed One new indicator considered, but rejected The major change: actual hours => usual hours

11/09/20136Hanna Sutela List of indicators as presented in November 2011 Revised list of indicators (November 2012) Average actual hours worked per person per week 3a1 Mean weekly hours usually worked per employed person Share of employed persons working long hours per week (e.g. 49 hours and more ) 3a2 Percentage of employed persons usually working 49 hours or more per week Share of employed persons usually working less than 15 hours per week Removed Time-related underemployment rate => Removed, but further monitor the conceptual developments at ILO Share of employed persons working few hours per week involuntarily (involuntarily part-time, e.g. less than 30 hrs) 3a3 Percentage of employed persons working few hours per week involuntarily (involuntary part-time) Employment by weekly hours actually worked (quintiles) 3a4 Employment by weekly hours usually worked (quintiles) To be discussed Share of employed persons working more than one job 3a5 Percentage of employed persons working more than one job

Hours actually worked Based on international standards Key indicator for National Accounts (volume of labour, productivity) Situation in the reference week (public holidays, annual and family leaves, strikes, seasonal variation) Measurement issues: memory bias, deduction of time absent from work Hours usually worked Based on international standards Key indicator for social analysis Typical value of hours over a long reference period Relevance higher in countries with predominantly regular working hours Measurement isssues: determining ”typical” hours by respondent Original slide byThomas Körner & Katharina Puch, Wiesbaden /09/20137Hanna Sutela

Aggregated working hours are strongly influenced by: the self-employment rate (self-employed typically working longer hours than employees) the part-time rate the female employment rate (women typically working shorter hours than men) the share of multiple-job-holders (working hours typically measured only as hours in the main job) the structure of economic activity (e.g. those working in the agriculture having typically long working times) 11/09/20138Hanna Sutela

Recommended disaggregations Status in employment according to the ICSE-93 (particularly self-employed workers vs. employees) Sex and age Full-time vs. part-time workers Economic activity (ISIC/NACE) Countries with a significant share of employed persons holding more than one job should additionally refer to the working time in all jobs held by each employed person, if possible in case of usual hours. 11/09/20139Hanna Sutela

Interpretation guidelines: In general Long working hours: perceived differently by individuals in different employment situations and in different countries “Involuntary” and “voluntary” part-time employment : Eg. Preference and need for a full-time job but impossible due to care responsibilities => “voluntary” part-timer? To work more than in one job : low income, lack of full-time job high status., demand for one’s skills (eg. Medical doctors, consultation work) 11/09/201310Hanna Sutela

Interpretation guidelines: In relation to other indicators and context indicators Weekly usual hours sensitive to the business cycle => analyse the indicator together with context indicators e.g. employment rate Mean working time might decrease during recessions, while employment in long working hours might increase (as layoffs increase the workload of the remaining workers). The indicators of this sub-dimension should be analysed together with indicators of the Dimension 2 (Income and benefits from employment). The length of mean hours worked per employed seems to correlate with the GDP (OECD 2010), shorter working hours typically found in countries well off 11/09/201311Hanna Sutela

To be discussed: 3a4 Employment by weekly hours usually worked (quintiles) The value of hours usually worked that divide the population of employed persons into five equally numerous subsets Cut-off point of each quintile Aims to provide more descriptive and detailed information on the variation of the length of working weeks than the mean usual working hours; reflects heterogeneity/homogeneity of the length of working week among certain groups or within certain context 11/09/201312Hanna Sutela

Especially in countries with relatively homogeneous working hours (low share of part-time employment, low share of overlong working hours), working hours tend to cluster around the mean value Deciles? Median and quarters? Median, 10p and 90p? 11/09/201313Hanna Sutela

Distribution of HWUSUAL in selected countries, LFS /09/201314Hanna Sutela Calculations by Jean Ries