THE JACKSON YEARS

THE WEBSTER-HAYNE DEBATES ROBERT HAYNE OF SO. CAROLINA (STATES RIGHTS) DANIEL WEBSTER- (THE UNION CAUSE) “A ROPE OF SAND.” -WEBSTER “LIBERTY AND UNION NOW AND FOREVER!”

JEFFERSON DAY DINNER JACKSON HAD NOT TAKEN A STAND ON NULLIFICATION CALHOUN WANTS TO DRAW HIM OUT TOAST: JACKSON- “OUR FEDERAL UNION, IT MUST BE PRESERVED!” CALHOUN: “THE UNION, NEXT TO LIBERTY MOST DEAR!”

JACKSON AND The Nullification Crisis 1832 “The Nullies” gain control in So. Carolina in 1832 Tariff of 1832 lowers rate slightly Nullies not satisfied call Columbia Convention Apply Calhoun’s nullification theory.

Pass Ordinance of nullification of Tariffs of 1828 & 1832 President Jackson responds Jackson rejects right of nullification. Jackson threatens to use force. So. Carolina prepares to defend its borders.

Clay offers a compromise Compromise Tariff of Reduces rates over 8 year period. No other states follow So. Carolina’s lead. Congress passes the Force Bill. Threatens force to collect tariff.

Columbia convention repeals tariff nullification. But Nullify the Force Bill. (Much like the British Declaratory Act.) No clear winner. South “appeased.” “JACKSON should have strangled secession in its’ cradle!”

Politics of the Bank of the U.S. Jackson distrusts the Bank of U.S. Headed by Nicholas Biddle. Bank has 4 years to go on charter. Clay wants to force the issue of re- charter for election of 1832

Jackson vetoes the re-charter. The “rich” favor Clay, but Jackson has the common man. The Banks +’s & -’s Jackson calls Bank anti-western & plutocratic. Nicholas Biddle heads Bank Advantages of the Bank Negatives of the Bank

Election of 1832 Jackson defeats Clay 219 to 49 Jackson claims mandate against the Bank. Jackson declares war on the Bank Bank has 4 years left on charter. Jackson removes Federal funds Places them in “Pet State Banks.”

Biddle calls in loans triggers Panic. Proves Jackson right about too much power. State banks expand money supply with easy loans. Inflation sets in.

To restore confidence Jackson issues The Specie Circular. Only Gold & silver can be used to buy Federal land. Deflation and panic of 1837 follows West feels betrayed. Westerners speculate on land prices. Inflation helps them.

Seminole War in Florida Difficult conditions. Osceola a clever leader. Osceola capture under a flag of truce. Many Indians relocated to Indian territory.

Jackson’s Diplomacy Wins access to British West Indies. He asks the British politely and they grant access French agreed to pay damages for Napoleonic seizures. Almost goes to war with France over debt in 1834.

British mediate the dispute. Tell French that Jackson had apologized. Jackson denies the apology but French ignore his denial. War is averted. The French debt is paid.

Transplanting Native American Tribes By 1830, most territories east of the Mississippi had become states Indian Removal Act (1830) Cherokee developed certain aspects of society similar to whites Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Worcester v. Georgia Trail of Tears

The Birth of Texas 1823, A newly independent Mexico granted Stephen Austin Texas Friction between Mexicans and Americans over – Slavery – Immigration – Local Rights Texas declared its independence in 1836 Battle of the Alamo San Jacinto

Election of 1836 Birth of the Whigs (heirs of Hamilton’s Federalist ideas) William Henry Harrison, hero of Battle of Tippecanoe, emerged as Whig candidate, elbowing Clay aside. Martin Van Buren was Jackson's hand-picked successor. Van Buren d. Harrison ; 765,483 to 739,795 in popular vote