Chapter 8: The Spirit of Reform Section 1: Jacksonian America 1829-1837

Champion of the “Common Man”? Essential Question: Champion of the “Common Man”? “King” Andrew? OR

First Known Painting of Jackson, 1815

General Jackson During the Seminole Wars

The Common Man’s Presidential Candidate Largely supported from the West and South Elected Tennessee first representative to Congress before the age of 30 Led troops to battle during the War of 1812 In 1818, forces under his command invaded and captured Spanish Florida. Andrew Jackson had a great belief in the capability and intelligence of average Americans. Majority should rule in a democracy and more ordinary citizens should play a more prominent role in government.

1828 Election Results

Voting Requirements in the Early 19c Many states lowered or eliminated property ownership as a voting qualification. As cities and towns are growing, the percentage of the population that does not own land increased. These people paid taxes and had an interest in the political affairs of their communities-wanted a greater voice in representational democracy. Election Corrupt bargain with J.Q. Adams and Henry Clay 1828 Election Democrats form in opposition of Adams and in support of Jackson “Old Hickory” support of the common man Many of the voters who supported Jackson were from the West and South, rural and small-town men who saw Jackson as the candidate most likely to represent their interests. Expansion of voting rights-1824 355,000 had voted for President 1828-1.1 million citizens 1840-2.4 million

Increased Democratization? White male suffrage increased- no property restrictions Caucus vs. national nominating convention Spoils system? Party loyalty and support Rise of Third Parties- Whigs (England-limit power of King) Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.) Two-party system returned in the 1832 election: Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854) Democrats (1828) Political parties used to use the caucus system to select Presidential candidates. The members of the party who served in Congress would meet to chose the nominee for president. Restricted access to the elite and well connected. The Jacksonians replaced the caucus with the national nominating convention. At nominating conventions, delegates from the states gathered to decide on the party’s presidential nominee. Political power coming from the people rather than the elite political institutions. Spoils system- practice of appointing people to government jobs on the basis of party loyalty and support. Jackson considered the spoils system to be democratic. By getting rid of a permanent office-holding class, he opened up government to more ordinary citizens. He felt that government jobs were plain and simple and could be rotated at will to various government supporters. Andrew Jackson’s forceful style had earned him detractors. Whigs party in England that had worked to limit the King’s power. Whig’s wanted a larger federal government, industrial and commercial development, and a centralized economy.

The Reign of “King Mob”

The Nullification Crisis British try to flood U.S. with cheap goods; tariff raised 1824, 1828 • Vice-president John C. Calhoun calls 1828 Tariff of Abominations • • Thinks South pays for North’s prosperity; cotton prices low • Calhoun devises nullification theory: - states can reject laws they consider unconstitutional - states have right to leave Union if nullification denied questions legality of applying federal laws to states Constitution based on compact among states

The Webster-Hayne Debate Hayne and Webster Debate States’ Rights Senator Robert Hayne argues Southern view of tariff, states’ rights Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts defends Union Jackson believes Union “must be preserved”; Calhoun resigns Webster: Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Jackson: Our Federal Union—it must be preserved. Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear. Sen. Daniel Webster Union [MA] Sen. Robert Hayne States’ Rights [SC]

South Carolina Rebels South Carolina declares 1828, 1832 tariffs null; threatens to secede Congress passes Force Bill: can use army, navy against S. Carolina Henry Clay proposes tariff that lowers duties over 10 years

Jacksonian Opposition Jackson Opposes the Bank Jackson vetoes bill to re-charter Second Bank of the United States Presents bank as privileged institution that favors the wealthy Pet Banks Jackson puts federal money in state banks loyal to Democratic Party Whig Party Forms People unhappy with Jackson form Whig Party, back American System

1832 Cartoon

Champion of the “Common Man”? Essential Question: Champion of the “Common Man”? “King” Andrew? OR

Results of the Specie Circular Banknotes loose their value. Land sales plummeted. Credit not available. Businesses began to fail. Unemployment rose. The Panic of 1837!

The 1836 Election Results Dem- Martin Van Buren “Old Kinderhook” [O. K.]

Indian Removal Jackson’s Goal? 1830  Indian Removal Act Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) * “domestic dependent nation” Worcester v. GA (1832) Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

The Cherokee Nation After 1820

Indian Removal

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)