Chapter 13 Section 1

 Charlemagne  Papal States  Baron

 5 th Century Germanic tribes overrun the Romans  Disruption of trade  Merchants face invasions, business collapses  Downfall of cities  Cities abandoned as centers of administration

At the fall of the Roman Empire: What advantages were there to living in cities as opposed to the country?

 Population shifts  Nobles retreat to rural areas  City dwellers flee to countryside  Grew their own food  Western Europe becomes rural

Germanic invaders could not read or write Learning declined as families moved to the country Priests and church officials were literate Few could read Greek works Germans no written language

Germanic speaking mixed with Romans Latin changed Different dialects developed with new words and phrases 800’s, French, Spanish, and other roman based languages evolved from Latin

 small Germanic kingdoms emerge  Concept of Government Changes  Family ties personal loyalty replace citizenship in a public state  Lived in small communities  Unwritten rules

 Monasteries is a religious community  Men called monks devote lives to God  Women called nuns went to convents  520 Benedict Italian monk wrote strict rules

 Scholastica (Benedicts sister) headed a convent under the same rules  Monasteries best educated communities  ’s Monks made beautiful copies of religious writings  Preserved Rome’s heritage

 What did Gregory the Great do?

 Used church revenues to raise armies, repair roads, help the poor  Negotiate peace treaty with the Lombard's  Italy to England, Spain to Germany his responsibility  Churchly kingdom ruled by a pope (Middle Ages)

 Europe entered a period of political, social, and economic decline.  Europeans fearful of invading Germanic tribes  Moved out of the city to the country  Church/Pope gained significant power with rise of Christianity

 How are the Franks linked with Christianity?

 Pope Leo III  Walked up to Charlemagne – placed crown on his head  Charlemagne – 1 st emperor in 300 years  Building an Empire  By 800 – Franks had ruled most of Europe  Caroliginians – Charlemagne’s family  most influential Frank family

 700 major domo or mayor of the palace most powerful person  Charge of royal household and estates  719 Charles Martel  732 defeats Muslims in the Battle of Tours

 Charles Martel -Charlemagne’s grandfather  Political adviser/war leader to Frankish king  Fought mostly against Muslim invaders  Pippin III – Charles Martel’s son  King – first of Carolingian family to be king  When he died, passed throne to son -  Charlemagne

 Charlemagne = “Charles the Great”  Regarded as one of the most impt leaders in European history.  Incredible military leader  He built alliances with people that he conquered  Built up land, army, and people

 -Papal States – region controlled by the pope  774 – Lombards attacked Papal States  Pope Leo III called on Charlemagne  Charlemagne’s army defeated Lombards  Charlemagne became king of Lombards and Franks

 799 –  Angry supporters of previous pope ran Leo out of Rome  Charlemagne escorted Leo back to Rome  Restored his power  Leo names Charlemagne Emperor of the Roman People  Two reasons this is significant:  Restored Roman Empire  Charlemagne backed by God

 Empire so big = difficult to rule  Aachen – established as first Frankish capital/central gov’t  built huge palace to reflect his greatness  Charlemagne stayed in Aachen

 Named counts to rule parts of the empire  Counts bound by oath  Given huge tracts of land in return  Sent secret inspectors to check on counts  If Counts good = rewarded  If counts bad = punished  All had to answer to Charlemagne

 Education really impt to Charlemagne  Wanted leaders to read and write  Ordered Churches/Monks to start schools  Invited notable scholars to teach and copy texts  Sent copies of books all over Europe  Then they were copied more

 Wanted to spread Christianity  Ordered conquered people to convert or die  Sent monks to teach conquered people

 Recorded laws on paper  Enforced Christian teachings

 Didn’t organize strong enough central government  Regional kings grew stronger and disrupted the unity  Charlemagne’s grandsons fought for throne  Divided empire into three parts