Chapter 7 Elizabeth Lytle, MPH, BSN, RN Los Altos School District Managing Your Weight

Learn About Weight Management WhyAmerica’s weight gain DefineOverweight and obese HowTo lose weight Understand Body image Eating disorders

America’s Weight Increase Are Overweight or Obese 17% of children AND 68% of adults

Multiple Reasons For Weight Gain Added calories Bigger portions Fast food Physical inactivity Passive entertainment Genetics Childhood development Emotional influences Social networks Marriage and Children

Environment Influences Weight Social Network Overweight seek out relationships with others who are overweight Studies find that when one person becomes obese, friends are more likely to become obese Income The less money you make, the more likely you are to be overweight RaceMinorities at higher risk for obesity

Body Image Is Influenced By Media The gap between reality and the media’s portrayal of ‘ideal’ is growing Women Overestimate their weight Less satisfied with body throughout life MenUnderestimate their weight

Defining Overweight And Obese CategoryBMI Overweight25+ Obese30+ Class Class Class Body-Mass Index (BMI) is one measure of weight related health related risks Health risks begin at BMI of 25 and increase as BMI rises Risk of dying of weight- related problems begins at BMI of 30

How To Gain Weight Many adolescents and young adults need to gain weight Add more variety to your foods Eat more frequently by having small meals Choose some calorie-rich foods Drink juice instead of soda Use a meal replacement as a snack Exercise regularly

Obesity Kills The effects of obesity on health are the equivalent of 20 years of aging Disease Links Type 2 diabetes Cancer Heart disease and stroke Emotional Toll Guilt Depression Social Effects Women less likely to marry, earn less, lower college graduation rate

Health Dangers Of Excess Weight

Hormones Regulate Appetite Leptin Produced by fat cells Slows metabolism Ghrelin Reduced by exercise Released before meals Stimulates appetite Others Serotonin produces satiety Peptides from digestive tract

The Key To Weight Loss Is Simple Consume Less and Exercise But, keeping weight off is not simple

Ideas For Keeping Weight Off Be patient and keep trying Set a danger zone and act when necessary Exercise minutes each week Monitor weight and food intake

Weight Loss Diets High-Carbohydrate, Low Fat Eat fewer calories without eating less food Low-Carbohydrate, High-Protein Eat fewer carbohydrates without eating fewer calories Modified Carbohydrate Focus on ‘good carbs’ and resist ‘bad carbs’

More Weight Loss Diets Low-Calorie Nothing forbidden, just limit amount eaten Low-Carbohydrate Low caloric intake based on proportioning food types Be willing to try different diets. No one diet works for everyone.

Avoid Diet Traps Very low-calorie diets Diet pills Talk to your doctor first Diet foods Often high in sugar Yo-yo syndrome On-again, off-again low-calorie dieting Use exercise to curb weight gain when increasing calories

Recognize And Stop Emotional Eating Three Steps To Curb Emotional Eating 1.Know your triggers 2. Put your body in charge, not your emotions; a void getting very hungry, plan your eating 3.Focus on your feelings

Treatment For Severe Obesity Drug Therapy Xenical (orlistat) Alli (over the counter orlistat) Meridia (sibutramine) Surgery Gastric Bypass Permanent bypass of stomach Permanent weight loss common Banding Makes stomach size smaller Adjustable More likely to regain weight

Unhealthy Eating Behaviors Extreme Dieting Preoccupied with food and weight At risk for anorexia nervosa Compulsive Eating Food addiction Eat fast and eat a lot Binge Eating Eat large amount of food in short time Binge at least twice a week for 6 months Eat until over-full

Who Is At Risk For Eating Disorders? Many more types of people are at risk AthletesNordic Skiers GymnastsModels DancersPerformers Factors that increase risk Preoccupation with thin body Perfectionism Excessive cautiousness

Four Risk Factors For Adolescent Girls Most likely to have an eating disorder if all four factors are present: 1.High BMI 2.Menarche before 6th grade 3.Extreme concern with weight or shape 4.Teasing by peers

Eating Disorder - Anorexia Nervosa Two Types 1. Restricting 2. Binge eating/purging Features Refusal to maintain normal body weight Intense fear of gaining weight Distorted body image – feeling fat when emaciated Absence of three menstrual cycles

Eating Disorder - Anorexia Nervosa Causes Complex interaction of factors Personal loss Perfectionist personality Effects Brain changes Abnormal cortisol, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine levels Menstrual cycle stops Adolescents do not have normal sexual maturation Heart irregularities

Eating Disorder - Anorexia Nervosa Treatment Medical therapy for re-feeding Multiple types of therapy Possibly antidepressant medication Outcome Most people can return to normal weight Return to normal eating behaviors takes a long time

Eating Disorder – Bulimia Nervosa Two Types 1. Purging 2. Non-purging Causes Rigid diet that lasted from several weeks to a year or more Obesity in adolescence Recovery from anorexia Depression

Characteristics Of Bulimia Nervosa Repeated binge eating Feeling lack of control over eating Regular reliance on self-induced vomiting, laxative or diuretics Strict dieting, fasting, vigorous exercise Two bingeing episodes/week for at least 3 months Preoccupation with body shape and weight

Eating Disorder – Bulimia Nervosa Effects Damage to teeth and gums Dehydration Electrolyte imbalances Cardiac arrhythmia and death Treatment Cognitive-behavioral therapy Outcome Recovery takes years May have episodes of normal eating interspersed with bingeing