ALKANES Contain single bonds CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 Saturated hydrocarbon Substitution reaction

Cycloalkanes If the carbon chain that forms the straight- chain hydrocarbon is long enough, the two ends coming together to form a cycloalkane.cycloalkane One hydrogen atom has to be removed from each end of the hydrocarbon chain to form the CC bond that closes the ring. Cycloalkanes therefore have two less hydrogen atoms than the parent alkane and a generic formula of C n H 2n.

Examples of cycloalkanes The smallest alkane that can form a ring is cyclopropane, C 3 H 6, in which the three carbon atoms lie in the same plane.alkane cyclopropane The angle between adjacent CC bonds is only 60° as seen in the model below:

Molecular models Molecular models of cycloalkanes: cyclohexane cyclopropane cyclobutane cyclopentane

Name the following: The following compound, for example, is a derivative of pentane because the longest chain contains five carbon atoms: Thus, its name is 2-methylpentane

Naming the cycloalkanes:  Find the longest continuous loop of carbon atoms in the skeleton structure.  Name the compound as a derivative of the cycloalkane with this number of carbon atoms:3-C = cyclopropane 4-C = cyclobutane 5-C = cyclopentane

Name the following cycloalkanes: Rings (or cyclic compounds) are composed of rings of carbon and sometimes oxygen or nitrogen. For example, cyclohexane has a ring of six carbon atoms. cyclopropane cyclobutanecyclopentane cyclohexane bromocyclohexane cyclohexene cyclohexane

Alkenes Contain a double bond Unsaturated Addition reactions CH 2 =CH-CH 2 -CH 3 1-butene Polymerize

Alkynes

WHAT IS AN ALKYNE ???? WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE ? WHAT IS IT’S STRUCTURE ? QUIZ

A hydrocarbon with triple bonds. These make up the alkyne family

C 2 H Ethyne C 2 H 2

H- C C - H Ethyne C 2 H 2

WHICH ONE IS AN ALKYNE? It’s not this one. Try again You got it !!!!!

HOW DO WE NAME IT ?

Name the Alkane compound with an -yne ending for a triple bond. The alkane methane as an alkyne…. What is it’s name ? methyne

The aromatic hydrocarbons: Benezene is good example: C 6 H 6  Interior ring formed by three double C-C bonds  Also called a benzene ring

The carboxylic acids:  Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, which is a contraction of the carbonyl and hydroxyl names since carboxylic acids contain both groups attached to one carbon.  Often written as: RCOOH or RCO 2 H  IUPAC Nomenclature Carboxylic acids are named by replacing the -e of the alkane root name with -oic and adding the word acid. Substituents on the chain are named as usual.

Some common acids: methanoic acid ethanoic acid propanoic acid 2-methylpropanoic acid

IUPAC naming of acids: The table below gives common and IUPAC names for some of the simple carboxylic acids. IUPAC NameCommon NameFormula methanoic acidformic acidHCOOH ethanoic acidacetic acidCH 3 COOH propanoic acidpropionic acidCH 3 CH 2 COOH butanoic acidbutyricCH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 COOH pentanoic acidvalericCH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 COOH

Alcohols R–OH R= alkyl group Poisonous Good solvents CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH 1-propanol

Ethers R-O-R / If R=R / symmetrical CH 3 -O-CH 3 Dimethyl ether CH 3 -O-CH 2 CH 3 Ethylmethyl ether Non-polar solvents

ALDEHYDES O Carbonyl group –C— O H - C -H Methanal = = la/mcmurry/mcmurry_chapter_19a /sld001.htm

Esters

Formed by a reaction of an acid and an alcohol. Ester structure Conversion of acids into esters is called esterification.

Ketones

General structure R—CO—R' Organic compounds, usually react

AMINES Contain nitrogen R-NH 2 CH 3 -NH 2 Methylamine Polar substance