Long-Chained Carbon Molecules and Basic Functional Groups Organic Chemistry Long-Chained Carbon Molecules and Basic Functional Groups

Standards 10. The bonding characteristics of carbon allow the formation of many different organic molecules of varied sizes, shapes, and chemical properties and provide the biochemical basis of life. As a basis for understanding this concept: 10. b. Students know the bonding characteristics of carbon that result in the formation of a large variety of structures ranging from simple hydrocarbons to complex polymers and biological molecules. 10. d.* Students know the system for naming the ten simplest linear hydrocarbons and isomers that contain single bonds, simple hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds, and simple molecules that contain a benzene ring. 10. e.* Students know how to identify the functional groups that form the basis of alcohols, ketones, ethers, amines, esters, aldehydes, and organic acids. 10. f.* Students know the R-group structure of amino acids and know how they combine to form the polypeptide backbone structure of proteins.

Lewis Dot Shorthand Each corner (or endpoint) is a carbon atom. Carbon normally has 4 bonds. Single bonds with hydrogen atoms are not shown they are implied. C H

Lewis Dot Shorthand OH C O H Each corner (or endpoint) is a carbon atom. Carbon normally has 4 bonds. Single bonds with hydrogen atoms are not shown they are implied. C H O OH

Lewis Dot Shorthand H Cl C Cl Each corner (or endpoint) is a carbon atom. Carbon normally has 4 bonds. Single bonds with hydrogen atoms are not shown they are implied. C H Cl Cl

Lewis Dot Shorthand Each corner (or endpoint) is a carbon atom. Carbon normally has 4 bonds. Single bonds with hydrogen atoms are not shown they are implied. C H

Lewis Dot Shorthand Each corner (or endpoint) is a carbon atom. Carbon normally has 4 bonds. Single bonds with hydrogen atoms are not shown they are implied. C H

Organic Chemistry Prefixes How many Carbons does it have in a row? (the longest continual chain) # of Carbons Prefix 1 meth- 2 eth- 3 prop- 4 but- 5 pent- # of Carbons Prefix 6 hex- 7 hept- 8 oct- 9 non- 10 dec-

Alkanes All hydrogen and carbons with only single bonds End with “-ane” suffix. C H 1 methane

Alkanes C H propane propane All hydrogen and carbons with only single bonds End with “-ane” suffix. C H 2 2 1 1 3 3 propane propane

Alkyl- Groups 3-methyl pentane Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off of the main carbon chain. # of Carbons Name 1 methyl 2 ethyl 3 propyl 4 butyl 5 pentyl 1 5 3 2 4 3-methyl pentane The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

Alkyl- Groups 3-ethyl pentane Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off of the main carbon chain. # of Carbons Name 1 methyl 2 ethyl 3 propyl 4 butyl 5 pentyl 1 5 3 2 4 3-ethyl pentane The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

Alkyl- Groups Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off of the main carbon chain. # of Carbons Name 1 methyl 2 ethyl 3 propyl 4 butyl 5 pentyl 1 5 3 2 4 2-methyl 3-ethyl pentane The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

Alkyl- Groups Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off of the main carbon chain. # of Carbons Name 1 methyl 2 ethyl 3 propyl 4 butyl 5 pentyl 1 5 3 2 4 2, 3-dimethyl pentane The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

Alkyl- Groups Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off of the main carbon chain. # of Carbons Name 1 methyl 2 ethyl 3 propyl 4 butyl 5 pentyl 1 5 3 2 4 2, 3, 4-trimethyl pentane The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

Practice 5-propyl decane Color the longest continuous carbon chain (turning is okay, not splitting). Do not color the hydrogens. H C 5-propyl decane

Practice 5-propyl decane Color the longest continuous carbon chain (turning is okay, not splitting). Do not color the hydrogens. H C 5-propyl decane

Practice 5-propyl decane Color the longest continuous carbon chain (turning is okay, not splitting). Do not color the hydrogens. H C 5-propyl decane

Practice 5-propyl decane Color the longest continuous carbon chain (turning is okay, not splitting). Do not color the hydrogens. Off #5 Carbon H C 10 9 8 6 7 5 4 3 3 carbons on branch = propyl 2 10 carbons on main chain = decane 1 5-propyl decane

Alkenes C H ethene ethene All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon double bonds. End with “-ene” suffix. C H 2 1 2 1 ethene ethene

Alkenes H C 2-butene 2-butene All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon double bonds. End with “-ene” suffix. C H 2 4 2 4 1 3 3 1 2-butene 2-butene The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

Alkenes H C 1-butene 1-butene All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon double bonds. End with “-ene” suffix. C H 2 4 2 4 1 3 1 3 1-butene 1-butene The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

Alkenes All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon double bonds. End with “-ene” suffix. 3 5 1 2 4 6 2, 4-hexadiene The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

Alkenes All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon double bonds. End with “-ene” suffix. 1 3 5 2 4 6 1, 3-hexadiene The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

Alkenes with Alkyl Groups All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon double bonds. End with “-ene” suffix. 1 3 5 2 4 6 2-methyl 1, 3-hexadiene The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

Alkynes C H ethyne ethyne All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon triple bonds. End with “-yne” suffix. 1 2 1 2 C H ethyne ethyne

Alkynes H C propyne propyne All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon triple bonds. End with “-yne” suffix. C H 1 2 1 2 3 3 propyne propyne

Alkynes All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon triple bonds. End with “-yne” suffix. 5 3 2 4 1 1 - pentyne The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

Alkynes with Alkyl Groups Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off of the main carbon chain. 5 3 2 4 1 3-methyl 1-pentyne The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

Alcohols HO C O 1-propanol H 1-propanol Just like an alkane, except they have an –OH functional group hanging somewhere. End with “-anol” suffix. C H O 2 HO 2 1 3 1 3 1-propanol 1-propanol The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

Alcohols O HO C H 2-propanol 2-propanol Just like an alkane, except they have an –OH functional group hanging somewhere. End with “-anol” suffix. C H O HO 2 1 3 2 1 3 2-propanol 2-propanol The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

Ketones O O C H acetone acetone They have an =O functional group hanging somewhere in the middle of the carbon chain. End with “-anone” suffix. O C H O 2 2 1 3 1 3 acetone acetone

Ketones They have an =O functional group hanging somewhere in the middle of the carbon chain. End with “-anone” suffix. O 1 3 5 2 4 3-pentanone The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

Ketones They have an =O functional group hanging somewhere in the middle of the carbon chain. End with “-anone” suffix. 1 3 5 2 4 O 2-pentanone The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

Aldehydes O O H H C propanal propanal They have an =O functional group hanging at the end of the carbon chain. End with “-anal” suffix. O H C H O 1 3 1 3 2 2 propanal propanal

R- Groups O O O C C C OH R’ R R H R carboxalic acid aldehyde ketone R- Groups are a generic way of saying that there is some kind of larger carbon chain attached (even though we won’t specify what it is). R C OH O R C R’ O R C H O carboxalic acid aldehyde ketone

He H B C N O Ne F Li Be P Al Si S Cl Ar Na Mg Br Kr K Ca I Xe

He H B C N O Ne F Li Be P Al Si S Cl Ar Na Mg Br Kr K Ca I Xe

4 e– in valence shell

Organic Chemistry Prefixes How many Carbons does it have in a row? (the longest continual chain) # of Carbons Prefix 1 meth- 6 hex- 2 eth- 7 hept- 3 prop- 8 oct- 4 but- 9 non- 5 pent- 10 dec-

Finish How many Cs and Hs in benzene, show abbreviated hexagon. (only for alkanes?) Number of carbon prefixes: 1-10 (done) Meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-, hept-, oct-, non-, dec- (done) Alkanes, alkene, alkynes, alcohols, ethers?, ketones, aldehydes, amino acids (nope?) What do R groups stand for C H