Sectionalism Review Mr. McElhaney APUSH 2008-2009

Next Three Weeks Week 1 – Week 2 – Week 3 – Review Sectionalism/Reform Movements Reading part of Ch. 10 (Due WED) See Handout Ch 11 Due Friday Reform Movements Begin Ch 12 Due WED next Week Week 2 – Finish Reform Movements= Abolitionism Begin Ch 13 Expansion and Decade of 1850s/Coming of the Civil War (Test Ch 10, 11, 12) Friday next week  Week 3 – The Civil War Ch. 14 Vacation work on project

Regional Specialization Northeast  Industrial SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery WEST  The Nation’s Breadbasket

American Growth New Century Census office 1801- 5.3 million people 1820= 9.5 mill 33% ? growth rate each decade Rapid Economic growth Commercial and Geographic expansion Cities- 1820 New York + 100,000 Philadelphia + 100,000 75% Pop Rural 5% in cities 20% in towns People moving west in search of farm land Ohio, Mississippi Valley

I. North A. Growth of Industry with Industrial Revolution

Erie Canal, 1820s

Erie Canal System Begun in 1817 363 miles Albany, NY to Lake Erie “We have assembled to commence the excavation of the Erie Canal. This work when accomplished will connect our western inland seas with the Atlantic Ocean. By this great highway, unborn millions will easily transport their surplus productions to the shores of the Atlantic, procure their supplies, and hold a useful and profitable intercourse with all the maritime nations of the earth...”

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat The Clermont

Principal Canals in 1840

I. North A. Growth of Industry with Industrial Revolution

Early Textile Loom

New England Textile Centers: 1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell in 1850

Lowell Mill

Lowell System Mostly young, unmarried women working in factory of Textiles Worked and live in clean boarding houses owned and managed by the factory Emphasis in maintaining the morality of the women employed Curfews Church Attendance Immoral women (sex, bad manners- talking back) were removed quickly

What was their typical “profile?” Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

Working Conditions Lowell Not the best but not the worst Repetition, tedious Lowell system declines due to competition and lower standards for of pay and working conditions worsen

Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

Rise of Cities Between 1830-1860 Urban population of the US grew by 552% 1830- 1.1 million 1860 6.2 million Cities grow because of Immigration Rural to urban migration- people leave the farm due to decreased opportunity- mechanization of agriculture, more opportunity in cities

Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper

McCormick Reaper 1834 Revolutionized the harvesting grain More efficient and faster Factory in Chicago

Immigration http://historyproject. ucdavis. edu/imageapp. php The United States is a nation of immigrants. By 1860 1/4 of population was born in another country. Immigration to the United States occurs in waves. The First Wave of Immigrants: 1820-1860- Irish- 2 million German- 1.5 million British- 750,000 Scandinavia 1825- 10,000 immigrants 1845- 100,000 per year 1854- 428,000 Second Wave of Immigration 1860-1920 1865-1890- 9 million arrive 1890-1915 16 million arrive 1910 ½ the people of cities are Immigrants

Immigration Push Factors Pull Factors Factors that pushed immigrants out of their native lands to America: Poverty- Lack of Economic Opportunity Political Repression - No freedom Ethnic conflict- War- conscription No jobs No hope of a future Famine/ starvation/drought Pull Factors Factors that pulled immigrants out of their native lands to America: Economic Opportunity Jobs/ workers were needed Land $ A future of land ownership Peace and stability Freedom to make a better life

Population Growth 1620-1860 Immigration 1820-1840

Early Immigration Irish Potato Famine 1846-1851 August 1845 the Irish potato crop was blighted or stricken with a disease. The disease ruined the main source of nutrition for the population. Famine, starvation, and disease killed much of the population. While the poor of Ireland starved British land owners and merchants made money. 1845- 25 million bushels if grain was shipped out. 1846-50 3 million live animals were exported 1847 1.3 million gallons of grain derived alcohol was exported. 1845-1860 the population of Ireland was reduced by 1/3. 1845 population = 8.2 million 1860- Pop = 5.8 million 1920- Pop = 4.2 million 1 million died from starvation and disease. 2 million left to America 1860-1926 4 million more went to the US.

American Population Density, 1820

How did/do people react to immigrants coming to America? They were looked down upon and discriminated against. See cartoons. Xenophobia- anti foreigner attitudes Nativism- The idea of blaming immigrants for problems. Established groups blamed the new groups for problems: Taking Jobs, Lazy -Famous Slogan: “No Irish Need Apply” People said they were responsible for: Crime Immorality- alcohol abuse Catholics- not loyal to America Dirty- Inferior, Damaging to the United States Whenever a new group enters into an established community tension is caused and a pattern of development can be seen. Examples: When the Irish came in the 1840’s the established groups of British and Germans did not like the new Irish. Irish where different: Language- Irish Religion Roman Catholic Culture different from British Lifestyles-

The Changing American Population Rapid Urbanization Surging Immigration German and Irish Immigrants Sources of Immigration, 1820-40 and ----------------------------------------------------1840-60

Anti-Immigrant Americans Nativist= Native American Party Or Know Nothing Party 1850s strong in the Northeast Disappear by 1860 Join New Republican party NINA = No Irish Need Apply

NINA How about a song?

The Early Union Movement Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City. Early unions were usually local, social, and weak. Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). Massachusetts Declared Unions lawful and Strikes lawful

II. South: A. Growth of Agriculture (“King Cotton”)

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Lower or “Deep” South Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas 1820= 500,000 bales 1850= 3million bales 1860= 5 million bales 2/3 of total US exports = $200 million year Rice was only $2 Million year

Slavery Expands Lower South? Alabama 1820= 41,000 1860= 435,000 Mississippi 1820= 32,000 1860= 436,000 Virginia 1820= 425,000 1860= 490,000

Planter Class Southern White Culture Similar to Feudal lords Believed in Chivalry Leisure Elegance Refinement Graciousness Courtesy 800 acres or more + at least 50 slaves Great influence- Political/Economic/Social leadership Small Minority of Southern whites owned slaves 1850 white population= 6 million Slave owners= 347, 525 1860 white population = 8 million Slave owners 383,637

Plain Folk/Common Southern Whites Typical southerner= Yeoman Farmer Some owned a Slave or 2 worked with them Small farms- subsistence Were tied to the slave system Depended on Large Plantation For Cotton Gin Markets for goods Credit Kinship

Number one Unifying factor in the South was RACE Whites in the South supported Slavery because of the RACE issue. Social and Economic Fears Changing social relations Race mixing was Empowering Blacks economic competition The poorest whites felt superior to the blacks “From childhood, the one thing in their condition which has made life valuable to the mass of whites has been that the N--- are yet their inferiors.” foreign observer from 1850s