Other types of communicating science, besides scientific papers Malmfors et al chapter 4 Same readers – different aim or form Other readers – still communicating research results Other readers – different aim or form

Review paper Conference paper Thesis and dissertation Popular science article Research proposal

Review paper different structure than IMRAD Introduction Body –with sections with headings – maybe ending with general discussion –Include contrasting results Conclusion References

Popular science article What may interest the reader? Simplify More of a review article Not to detailed Illustrations that explain Is the terminology adapted to the reader? How to write it? – L. Dupont: Writing keystones

Research proposals Another aim Being persuasive Organisation –Background and objectives – Research plan –Expected achievments and applications –How to communicate the results Appendices: budget, collaborations, CV, publication lists

Prewriting Drafting Revising*

Revision Organize the ideas –Add and delete ideas –Arrange the idea in order Add content and details –Are there any gaps? To the reader… What’s you’re style? –Tone appropriate for reader Formal, casual, persuasive, frantic.. –Sentences, the phrases Get rid of some sentences, avoid redundancy (typical problem/error)

Revising ideas List your ideas Combine overlapping to specific ideas Split too general ideas Make an outline of the ideas Do this at least three times The text that covers your ideas becomes the content

Revising content - a big job Prioritize content elements Transitions between content –within paragraphs –between paragraphs –between sections Content development/how much detail –Where to add –What to add –Why it have to be there –Think of your audience, what’s relevant

Revising content - a big job Prioritize content elements –Within a paragraph or section Thesis - claims Main ideas Specific support Transition Thesis - claims Main ideas Specific support Transition or

Revising content - a big job Thesis - claims Main ideas Specific support Transition or Thesis - claims Main ideas Specific support Transition Thesis - claims Main ideas Specific support Transition

Revising content - a big job Transitions between content –within paragraphs –between paragraphs –between sections Signal your transition to the reader –By a word or phrase –Check that your actually making transitions

Revising content - a big job More on: Content development/how much detail –Develop your ideas Do not repeat with new words, instead add something or be more specific –A way to be more specific: Choose examples Discuss example, explain why it’s important and useful with this specific example

Types of content Analysis: –how and why things are important and what it means and implicate Other ideas –Avoid plagiarism, using other ideas incorrectly Do check when ideas are others and check both correct literature and not plagiarizing Check by marking and go back to reference for each mark –Common knowledge, defined by audience

Revise for style Your audience –Define it, by a heading and a list a few names of persons you know –Go back and test the different sections and sentences, always referring to the audience Clarity: Is it coherent and cohesive (understandable and connected) –Organze phrases, get rid of some –check for independent clause, use : or ; (clause=sats sw) –Get rid of redundancy: repeating words, phrases, ideas

Revise for style Clarity: Is it coherent and cohesive (understandable and connected) –Wordiness: –Prepositional phrase, don’t start with it »The voice of the man is.. »The man’s voice is… –Too many adjectives in the same sentence »Find more descriptive verb to get rid of adjectives »Or decide to leave some out, no relevance –Passive voice. Avoid whenever posssible »The plane was flown by three officers »Three officers flew the plane

Thesis statements example Age structure effects is not significant for population growth The variation of population age structure do not affect the long run growth rate. The expected stochasticity in vital rates do not create variation in age structure significant enough to enforce the use of age structure in projections of population growth Age structure effects may cause large variation in population growth yet the expected variation due to environmental stochasticity is not /may not be/ significant enough for motivating age structure in population models