WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

Population: 12 M Population: 12 M Area : 5,343 km2 Area : 5,343 km2 Number of municipal districts : 32 Number of municipal districts : 32 Number of motor vehicles : 2.4 M (20% of Turkey) Number of motor vehicles : 2.4 M (20% of Turkey) Number of automobiles : 1.6 M Number of automobiles : 1.6 M (28% of Turkey) Auto ownership : 134 cars per 1000 inhabitants Auto ownership : 134 cars per 1000 inhabitants GDP per capita : $ 3,063 (2001) GDP per capita : $ 3,063 (2001) BASIC DATA ABOUT ISTANBUL

RAPID INCREASE OF MOTOR VEHICLES

POPULATION GROWTH Annual Growth Rates: : 4.9% : 4.5% : 3.2%

POPULATION DENSITY (2005) Average : 2,200 inhhabitants/km2Average : 2,200 inhhabitants/km2

WORK PLACE DENSITY (2005)

MODAL SPLIT

RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEM IN ISTANBUL LinesLength (Km) LinesLength (Km) Existing Existing Under constructionUnder construction - GMI MoT Projects being prepared Projects being prepared Planned Planned TOTAL TOTAL

Haluk Gerçek, Istanbul Transportation: Problems and Challenges, June 2007, Istanbul EXISTING RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEM Sirkeci-Halkalı/ CR (TCDD) Length : 27.6 km Daily Traffic : 75,000 H.Paşa-Gebze/ CR (TCDD) Length : 44.7 km Daily Traffic : 80,000 Karaköy-Şişhane/ FUNICULAR Length : 0.6 km Daily Traffic : 13,000 Aksaray-Otogar-Havaalanı/LRT Length : 19.3 km Daily Traffic : 200,000 Eminönü-Karaköy-Kabataş/ TRAM Length : 2.9km Daily Traffic : 45,000 Kadıköy-Moda/ TRAM Length : 2.6 km Daily Traffic : 5,000 Eminönü-Zeytinburnu/ TRAM Length : 11.2 km Daily Traffic : 143,500 Taksim-4.Levent/ METRO Length : 8.5 km Daily Traffic : 160,000 Istiklal Street / TRAM Length : 1.6 km Daily Traffic : 5,000 Eyüp-Piyer Loti/ CHAIRLIFT Length : 0.42 km Daily Traffic :2,100 Taksim-Kabataş/ FUNICULER Length : 0.64 km Daily Traffic : 14,000 Zeytinburnu-Güngören- Bağcılar/ TRAM Length : 5.5 km Daily Traffic : 26,000

Haluk Gerçek, Istanbul Transportation: Problems and Challenges, June 2007, Istanbul RAIL PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION (GMI) Taksim-Yenikapı/ METRO Length : 5.2 km Estimated Cost : $364 M Edirnekapı-Sultançiftliği/ TRAM Length: 15.3 km Estimated Cost : $140 M Kadıköy-Kartal/ METRO Length : 21,7 km Estimated Cost: $1.1 B 4.Levent-Seyrantepe-Ayazağa - Darüşşafaka/ METRO Length : 8 km Estimated Cost: $250 M Aksaray-Yenikapı/ LRT Length : 0.7 km Estimated Cost : $56 M Otogar-Bağcılar/ LRT Length : 5.4 km Estimated Cost: $173 M Bağcılar-M.Bey-İkitelli Olympic Village / METRO Length : 16 km Estimated Cost: $800 M BOSPHORUS TUNNEL-MARMARAY Length :13,5 km

BOSPORUS RAILWAY TUNNEL (MARMARAY) PROJECT 76.3 km 13.6 km tunnel (1.4 km immersed tube tunnel) 40 stations Capacity: 75,000 pphpd

“3 Legged Stool” of SUSTAINABILITY Environmental Sustainability Social Sustainability Economic Sustainability

Transport Objectives and Their Contribution to SUSTAINABILITY ECMT Report on Sustainable Transport Policy (2000) EC DG Environment’s Guidance on Sustainable Urban Transport Plans (2005)

Which Objectives Are Most Important ? There can be tensions between objectivesThere can be tensions between objectives Priorities differ accross the countries and citiesPriorities differ accross the countries and cities Maintaining a balance among objectives is not easy and tradeoffs are necessaryMaintaining a balance among objectives is not easy and tradeoffs are necessary Therefore, for each city / countryTherefore, for each city / country Set the “right” prioritesSet the “right” priorites Pursue policies which support the higher priority objectives ( a package of consistent policies & instruments)Pursue policies which support the higher priority objectives ( a package of consistent policies & instruments)

A Long-Term or Immediate Focus ? Give sufficient emphasis to longer term impactsGive sufficient emphasis to longer term impacts (Reducing GHG, increasing equity between generations, avoiding resource depletion) Others objectives affect today’s citizens and require for immediate actionOthers objectives affect today’s citizens and require for immediate action Given 4-5 year life of a government, policy makers focus on current needs and overlook longer term problemsGiven 4-5 year life of a government, policy makers focus on current needs and overlook longer term problems

POLICY INSTRUMENTS (ECMT Reports)

How Well Do Policies Use Both Demand- Side and Supply-Side Measures ?

LARGE ROAD PROJECTS Projects faced opposition from professional organizations and NGOsProjects faced opposition from professional organizations and NGOs - Urban road tunnel s ( 156 km, $2 B) - 3rd Bosporus Bridge and beltways ($2 B) - Road tunnel under Bosporus ($1.6 B) - Flyovers (126 built)

MUNICIPALTY BUDGET FOR TRANSPORTATION In period,In period, $ 1.93 B spent on road projects - $ 1.93 B spent on road projects - $ 3.45 B spent on rail projects In 2007,In 2007, - GMI will spend $ 2.94 billion (53.5% of its total annual budget) on transportation projects. Up to 2012,Up to 2012, - $ 15 B is required for transportation projects - GMI is planning to allocate $ 5.8 B. - $ 2 B is required for 156-km road tunnels.

DECISION MAKING in TRANSPORTATION Who puts the projects ?Who puts the projects ? Who evaluates ?Who evaluates ? Who decides ?Who decides ? Who puts money ?Who puts money ? Transparent decision making is necessaryTransparent decision making is necessary There is a credibility gap between public and politiciansThere is a credibility gap between public and politicians

TRAVEL TIME (min) Hyper - congestion at low level of car ownershipHyper - congestion at low level of car ownership

EMISSIONS in TURKEY (2004) Turkey’s total GHG emissions = Mt CO2 equivalent (81.8 % is CO2) Transportation CO2 = 40,5 Mt ( 12 % of total CO2, increased by 55.8 % between 1990 and 2004)Transportation CO2 = 40,5 Mt ( 12 % of total CO2, increased by 55.8 % between 1990 and 2004) Road Transport CO2 = 34 Mt (84 % of transport sector)Road Transport CO2 = 34 Mt (84 % of transport sector) Source: 1st National Comunication on Climate Change, Report of Turkey, 2007.

3rd BRIDGE PROJECT Forests and wetland area of 800 haForests and wetland area of 800 ha is estimated to be demaged.

SUCCESSES Rail transit improvementsRail transit improvements Sea transport improvements (Sea buses, ferries)Sea transport improvements (Sea buses, ferries) Fare integration by electronic tickets (Akbil)Fare integration by electronic tickets (Akbil) Extended budgets allocated to urban transport projectsExtended budgets allocated to urban transport projects Increasing interest in environmental issues through news in mediaIncreasing interest in environmental issues through news in media

FAILURES Uncontrolled population growth and urban sprawlUncontrolled population growth and urban sprawl Lack of integration of land-use, transportation, environmental and economic development plansLack of integration of land-use, transportation, environmental and economic development plans Barriers to implementation of plansBarriers to implementation of plans (finacial, legal & institutional, political & cultural, technological) Hyper-Congestion at untolerable levelsHyper-Congestion at untolerable levels Lack of public awarenessLack of public awareness Lack of transparent & accountable decision- making processLack of transparent & accountable decision- making process

Integrate land-use, transportation and environmental planningIntegrate land-use, transportation and environmental planning Improve andImprove and integrate public transport modes Improve NMTImprove NMT Develop reserved routes for PTDevelop reserved routes for PT SOLUTION for SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT

Reduce and rationalize the use of cars, more specifically in the city centers by TDM.Reduce and rationalize the use of cars, more specifically in the city centers by TDM. (Congestion pricing, parking pricing and management, traffic calming, regulatory measures) Set targets (Reduce CO2 by 30 % by 2012)Set targets (Reduce CO2 by 30 % by 2012)

A DIFFERENT WAY OF THINKING There is an urgent need for a change in the way we think aboutThere is an urgent need for a change in the way we think about transportation transportation (paradigm shifts) Sustainable transportation requires fundemental changes in our transportation planning practices.

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