The Re-Awakening of Europe Agricultural Revolution Revival of Trade Rebirth of towns The Crusades The Rise of States

Viking Longboats

Lindisfarne Monastery, 793

The Lindisfarne Bible

Eventually these marauding raiders ended their pillaging & settled down in many areas of Europe including Normandy, Sicily, Sardinia, southern Italy and Kiev (Russia) and assimilated with the indigenous people. As the dust settled on the chaos and disorder, Europe slowly began to emerge with a new spirit.

Feudalism and Manorialism Keywords: decentralized and fragmented Men who mattered: Lords and Vassals Land is called a Fief Ceremony is called investiture Promise of loyalty is The Oath of Fealty

The self-sufficient manor

An Agricultural Revolution

Higher agricultural production reduced the number of deaths caused by starvation and dietary disease… Grain surplus meant that some livestock could survive the winter increasing fresh meat, milk and manure… Lords of the manors promoted expansion of cultivated land Population increased

Benefits for the common man Peasants drained swamps, cleared forests and established new settlements- most notably in eastern Germanic lands Expansion contributed to the decline of serfdom- lords promised freedom from personal services in return for rent Surplus food and increased population freed people to work at non-farming occupations, making the expansion of trade possible.

Revival of trade End of Viking attacks Expanding agricultural production Increasing population Greater political stability The Crusades

A commercial revolution begins… Cities like Venice, Genoa and Pisa grew prosperous during the Crusades and after as increasing trade with Byzantine and Islamic worlds -silks, spices, perfumes and dyes increased tremendously. A class of traders emerged- humble peddlers at first Traveling International Fairs – Champagne Large-scale enterprises -shared costs, reduced risks led to more profit-making opportunities Advances in business techniques- banking houses; credit; accounting books

The Rebirth of Towns

Towns were a revolutionary force- Made possible by expanding food supply The townsman was a new man-