QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 1 QuarkNet: Exploring the Frontiers of High Energy Physics Beth Beiersdorf Fermilab

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 2 Notre Dame QuarkNet Center Vision –A community of researchers including high school teachers, faculty, postdoctoral, graduate and undergraduate students and high school students. Location - Just south of ND’s campus. - Fully functional research lab. - Houses offices, lab spaces, and student experimental areas.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 3 QuarkNet Sites Nationwide

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 4 Notre Dame QuarkNet Center Academic Structure* –3-8 week summer research PHYS 598Q (teachers) 1-3 credits PHYS 098Q (students) 1-3 credits –academic year research PHYS 598R (teachers) 1 credit PHYS 098R (students) 1 credit –discussion sections, laboratory activity –*thanks to effort from K. Newman, J. Maddox, B. Bunker

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 5 Science Alive

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 6 Student Involvement

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 7 Summer, 2000 QN QN – QuarkNet (3 weeks) RET RET – Research Experience for Teachers (8 weeks) Week

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 8 QuarkNet – 3 Weeks Lunch MorningsAfternoons

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 9 QuarkNet Students Summer ‘00

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 10 1st Shift2nd Shift Lunch Summer Student Research

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 11 QuarkNet Staff and Teachers

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 12

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 13 Fermilab

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 14

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 15

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 16

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 17

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 18

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 19

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 20 The Tevatron

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 21 Side View of CFT

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 22 Support Cylinder for CFT

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 23 Moving in...

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 24 End View of CFT

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 25 CFT Fiber/Waveguide Element

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 26 Scintillating Fibers Under Test

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 27 Fiber Waveguide Map

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 28 Waveguide Bundle Containing 256 Fiber Elements

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 29 Sheathing Fiber Waveguides

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 30 Optical Connectors

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 31 Testing Optical Fibers

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 32 Summer Productivity

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 33 Photo Sensors

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 34 3’ Photo Sensors

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 35 Particle Paths

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 36 QuarkNet - Summer 2000

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 37

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 38

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 39 CMS Experiment at LHC CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 40

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 41

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 42

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 43

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 44 CMS Plans a “working detector” in 2005

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 45 The CMS Collaboration

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 46 CMS Detector Subsystems

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 47 What and Where is CERN, LHC, CMS? European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS)

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 48 CMS in the Collision Hall Tracker ECAL HCAL Magnet Muon

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 49 The Hadron Calorimeter HCAL detects jets from quarks and gluons. Neutrinos are inferred from missing Et. Scintillator + WLS gives “hermetic” readout for neutrinos

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 50 Detection of Fundamental Particles SM Fundamental Particle Appears As   (ECAL shower, no track) e e (ECAL shower, with track)   (ionization only) g Jet in ECAL+ HCAL q = u, d, s Jet (narrow) in ECAL+HCAL q = c, b Jet (narrow) + Decay Vertex t --> W +b W + b e   Et missing in ECAL+HCAL  -->l +  + l Et missing + charged lepton W --> l + l Et missing + charged lepton, Et~M/2 Z --> l + + l - charged lepton pair --> l + l Et missing in ECAL+HCAL

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 51 Dijet Events at the Tevatron The scattering of quarks inside the proton leads to a "jet" of particles traveling in the direction of, and taking the momentum of, the parent quark. Since there is no initial state Pt, the 2 quarks in the final state are "back to back" in azimuth.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 52 QuarkNet - Is it for you? For more information, contact: Beth Beiersdorf ND QuarkNet Center Physics Department Notre Dame, IN (219) Tom Jordan Education Office Fermilab, PO Box 500 Batavia, IL (630) QuarkNet website:

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 53 QuarkNet – 3 Weeks Lunch MorningsAfternoons

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 54 Lead Teacher Institute at Fermilab

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 55 Student working with lead teacher on CMS HCAL project

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 56 September 1999: Initial Meeting for ND Center & Weekly Meetings during the Academic Year

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 57 Mentors Jim Bishop Dan Karmgard Randy Ruchti Mitch Wayne QuarkNet Staff Pat Mooney CMS/DØ Staff Barry Baumbaugh Jeff Marchant Mark Vigneault Administration Jennifer Maddox Lead Teachers LeRoy Castle, La Porte Dale Wiand, Adams Associate Teachers Ken Andert, LaLumiere Beth Beiersdorf, LaSalle Jeff Chorny, LakeShore Helene Douerty, St. Joseph Maggie Jensen, Gavit Tom Loughran, Trinity Kevin Johnston*, Jimtown Rick Roberts*, Clay ND QuarkNet Center: Staff

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 58 Adams HS visit to ND QuarkNet Center

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 59 Teacher Schedule Three week workshop –Mornings: particle physics interactive discussions –Afternoons: classroom transfer and research discussions and research activities –Fermilab tours (one with students) Five week research experience –Presentation on research work in RET forum

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 60 Notre Dame QuarkNet Center Academic Structure* –3-8 week summer research PHYS 598Q (teachers) 1-3 credits PHYS 098Q (students) 1-3 credits –academic year research PHYS 598R (teachers) 1 credit PHYS 098R (students) 1 credit –discussion sections, laboratory activity –*thanks to effort from K. Newman, J. Maddox, B. Bunker

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 61 High School Students 1999 –D. Dickerson, Adams –D. Saddawi, Adams 2000 (45 Applicants) –R. Bhavsar, Adams –R. Bourke, LaLumiere –M. Busk, Trinity –Z. Clark, Jimtown –P. Davenport, Trinity –A. DeCelles, Trinity –N. Garg, Clay –J. Martin, Clay –S. May, Adams –G. Outlaw, LaSalle –R. Ribeiro, Trinity –R. Smith, Jimtown –J. Tristano, LaLumiere –K. Whitaker, LaSalle –R. Wiltfong, Riley

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 62 Student Schedule Morning Shift: 7:30am-1:00pm Afternoon Shift: 12:00pm-5:30pm work at QuarkNet Lab or Nieuwland Science Hall Luncheon interactive physics discussions and/or seminars: 12:00pm-1:00pm –At QuarkNet Lab discussions: Karmgard, Mooney, Ruchti seminars: Bigi, Cushing, Hildreth, Konigsberg (UFL), Lynker (IUSB), Wayne

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 63 LaSalle HS Visit to Fermilab/D0

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 64 Summary It has been an exciting period of growth for QuarkNet nationally and locally. We have worked extensively with 11 teachers and 15 high school students. The program should grow, now that the word is out. We are now in need of sustaining resources to manage the local program properly.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 65 Sustaining the Effort NSF/DOE Funding QuarkNet out-year funding RET (research experiences for teachers) Experimental construction funds, DØ and CMS Endowment or Corporate Sponsorship AEP, Siemens, …? Other initiatives Nanotechnology Center proposal to NSF by the College of Engineering New Particle Physics initiatives.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 66

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 67 CMS

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 68 The Physics of the LHC The Compact Muon Solenoid at the Large Hadron Collider Dan Green Fermilab US CMS Project Manager

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 69 Outline Why do we go to the energy frontier? What is the CMS collaboration? What is the Standard Model? How do we detect the fundamental particles contained in the SM? The Higgs boson is the missing object in the SM “periodic table”. What is the CMS strategy to discover it? What might we find at CMS in addition to the Higgs?

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 70 High Energy Physics-”Natural Units” Dimensions are taken to be energy in HEP. Momentum and mass are given the dimensions of energy, pc, mc 2. The basic energy unit is the electron Volt, the energy gained when an electron falls through a potential of 1 Volt = 1.6 x Joule. The connection between energy and time, position and momentum is supplied by Planck's constant,, where 1 fm = cm. Thus, inverse length and inverse time have the units of energy. The Heisenberg uncertainty relation is Charge and spin are "quantized"; they only take discrete values, e or. Fermions have spin 1/2, 3/2..., while bosons have spin 0,1,.… The statistics obeyed by fermions and bosons differs profoundly. Bosons can occupy the same quantum state - e.g. superconductors, laser. Fermions cannot (Pauli Exclusion Principle) - e.g. the shell structure of atoms.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 71 Size and the Energy of the Probe Particle In order to "see" an object of size r one must use "light" with a wavelength  < r. Thus, visible light with  ~ 3000 A ( 1 A = cm, ~ size of an atom) can resolve bacteria. Visible light comes from atomic transitions with ~ eV energies ( = 2000 eV*A). To resolve a virus, the electron microscope with keV energies was developed, leading to an increase of ~ 1000 in resolving power. To resolve the nucleus, 10 5 time smaller than the atom one needs probes in the GeV (10 9 eV) range. The size of a proton is ~ 1 fm = cm. The large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the CERN will explore Nature at the TeV scale or down to distances ~ fm.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 72 CMS Tracking System The Higgs is weakly coupled to ordinary matter. Thus, high interaction rates are required. The CMS pixel Si system has ~ 100 million elements so as to accommodate the resulting track densities.. Si pixels + Si Strips - an all Si detector is demanded by the high luminosity required to do the Physics of the LHC

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 73 If M H ZZ --> 4e or 4  Fully active crystals are the best resolution possible needed for 2 photon decays of the Higgs.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 74 Theory

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 75 “Particle Physics” in the 20 th Century The e - was discovered by Thompson ~ The nucleus was discovered by Rutherford in ~ The e +, the first antiparticle, was found in ~ The , indicating a second “generation”, was discovered in ~ There was an explosion of baryons and mesons discovered in the 1950s and 1960s. They were classified in a "periodic table" using the SU(3) symmetry group, whose physical realization was point like, strongly interacting, fractionally charged "quarks". Direct evidence for quarks and gluons came in the early 1970s. The exposition of the 3 generations of quarks and leptons is only just, 1996, completed. In the mid 1980s the unification of the weak and electromagnetic force was confirmed by the W and Z discoveries. The LHC, starting in 2005, will be THE tool to explore the origin of the breaking of the electroweak symmetry (Higgs field?) and the origin of mass itself.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 76 Electro - Weak Unification The weak interactions are responsible for nuclear beta decay. The observed rates are slow, indicating weak effective coupling. The decays of the nuclei, n, and  are parametrized as an effective 4 fermion interaction with coupling, G ~ GeV -2,   ~ G 2 M  5. The weak SU(2) gauge bosons, W + Z o W -, acquire a mass by interacting with the "Higgs boson vacuum expectation value" of the field, while the U(1) photon, , remains massless. M W ~ g W The SU(2) and U(1) couplings are "unified" in that e = g W sin(  W ). The parameter  W can be measured by studying the scattering of  + p, since this is a purely weak interaction process. The coupling g W can be connected to G by noting that the 4 fermion Feynman diagram can be related to the effective 4 fermion interaction by the Feynman "propagator", G ~ g W 2 /M W 2. Thus, from G and sin(  W ) one can predict M W. The result, M W ~ 80 GeV was confirmed at CERN in the pp collider. The vacuum Higgs field has ~ 250 GeV.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 77 The Standard Model of Elementary Particle Physics Matter consists of half integral spin fermions. The strongly interacting fermions are called quarks. The fermions with electroweak interactions are called leptons. The uncharged leptons are called neutrinos. The forces are carried by integral spin bosons. The strong force is carried by 8 gluons (g), the electromagnetic force by the photon (  ), and the weak interaction by the W + Z o and W -. The g and  are massless, while the W and Z have ~ 80, 91 GeV mass. J = 1 g, , W +,Z o,W - Force Carriers J = 1/2 udud cscs tbtb e   Q/e= 2/3 -1/ Quarks Leptons

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 78 A FNAL Collider (D0) Event The D0 detector has 3 main detector systems; ionization tracking,liquid argon calorimetry ( EM, e, and HAD, jets,), and magnetized steel + ionization tracker muon, , detection/identification. This event has jets, a muon, an electron and missing energy,.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 79 A FNAL Collider (CDF) Event The CDF detector has 3 main detector systems; tracking - Si + ionization in a magnetic field, scintillator sampling calorimetry, (EM - e,  and HAD - h), and ionization tracking for muon measurements. Missing energy indicates in the final state.Si vertex detectors allow one to identify b and c quarks in the event.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 80 W --> e + at the Tevatron The W gauge bosons can decay into quark-antiquarks, e.g. u + d, or into lepton pairs, e + e,  + ,  + . There can also be radiation associated with the W, gluons which evolve into jets.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 81 Z --> e + e and  +  Events at the Tevatron The e appear in the EM and not the HAD compartment of the calorimetry, while the  penetrate thick material.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 82 The Generation of Mass by the Higgs Mechanism The vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field,, gives mass to the W and Z gauge bosons, M W ~ g W. Thus the Higgs field acts somewhat like the "ether". Similarly the fermions gain a mass by Yukawa interactions with the Higgs field, m f = g f. Although the couplings are not predicted, the Higgs field gives us a compact mechanism to generate all the masses in the Universe.   (H->ff) ~ g f 2 M H ~ g 2 (M f /M W ) 2 M H, g = g W  (H->WW) ~ g 2 M H 3 /M W 2 ~ g 2 (M H /M W ) 2 M H  ~ M H 3 or  /M H ~ M H 2 ==>  /M H ~ M H ~ 1 TeV H g f, W, Z

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 83 Higgs Cross section CDF and D0 successfully found the top quark, which has a cross section ~ the total cross section. A 500 GeV Higgs has a cross section ratio of ~ , which requires great rejection power against backgrounds and a high luminosity.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 84 CMS

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 85 The CMS Muon System The Higgs decay into ZZ to 4  is preferred for Higgs masses > 160 GeV. Coverage to |  | 6 degrees)

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 86 CMS Trigger and DAQ System 1 GHz interactions 40 MHz crossing rate < 100 kHz L1 rate <10 kHz “L2” rate < 100 Hz L3 rate to storage medium The telecomm technology is moving very rapidly. A L2 and L3 in software using the full event is possible

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 87 Higgs Discovery Limits The main final state is ZZ --> 4l. At high masses larger branching ratios are needed. At lower masses the ZZ* and  final states are used. LEP II will set a limit ~ 110 GeV. CMS will cover the full range from LEPII to 1 TeV.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 88 LEP,CDF D0 Data Indicate Light Higgs

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 89 Higgs Mass - Upper Limit In quantum field theories the constants are altered in high order processed (e.g. loops). Asking that the Higgs mass be well behaved up to a high mass scale (no new Physics) implies a low mass Higgs.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center Unresolved Fundamental Questions in HEP How do the Z and W acquire mass and not the photon? What is M H and how do we measure it? Why are there 3 and only 3 light “generations”? What explains the pattern of quark and lepton masses and mixing? Why are the known mass scales so different?  QCD ~ 0.2 GeV << EW vev ~ 246 GeV << M GUT ~ GeV << M PL ~ GeV Why is charge quantized? Why do neutrinos have such small masses Why is matter (protons) ~ stable? Why is the Universe made of matter? What is “dark matter” made of? Why is the cosmological constant small? How does gravity fit in with the strong, electromagnetic and weak forces?

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 91 Progress in HEP Depends on Advancing the Energy Frontier

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 92 Theory

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 93 Grand Unified Theories Perhaps the strong and electroweak forces are related. In that case leptons and quarks would make transitions and p would be unstable. The unification mass scale of a GUT must be large enough so that the decay rate for p is < the rate limit set by experiment. The coupling constants "run" in quantum field theories due to vacuum fluctuations. For example, in EM the e charge is shielded by virtual  fluctuations into e + e - pairs on a distance scale set by, e ~ 1/m e. Thus  increases as M decreases,  (0) = 1/137,  (M Z ) = 1/128.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 94 Why is charge quantized? There appears to be approximate unification of the couplings at a mass scale M GUT ~ GeV. Then we combine quarks and leptons into GUT multiplets - the simplest possibility being SU(5). [d1 d2 d3 e ] = 3(-1/3 ) = 0 Since the sum of the projections of a group generator in a group multiplet is = 0 (e.g. the angular momentum sum of m), then charge must be quantized in units of the electron charge. In addition, we see that quarks must have 1/3 fractional charge because there are 3 colors of quarks - SU(3).

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 95 GUT Predicts  W A GUT has a single gauge coupling constant. Thus,  and  W must be related. The SU(5) prediction is that sin(  W ) = e/g =  3/8. This prediction applies at M GUT Running back down to the Z mass, the prediction becomes;  3/8[  /18  (ln(M GUT /M Z ))] 1/2 This prediction is in ~ agreement with the measurement of  W from the W and Z masses.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 96 Why is matter (protons) ~ stable? There is no gauge motivated conservation law making protons stable. Indeed, SU(5) relates quarks and leptons and possesses “leptoquarks” with masses ~ the GUT mass scale. Thus we expect protons (uud) to decay via uu --> e+d, ud --> d. Thus p --> e +  o or  + Looking at the GUT extrapolation, we find 1/  ~ 40 at a GUT mass of ~ GeV. One dimensional grounds, the proton lifetime should be  p = 1/  p ~  GUT 2 (M p /M GUT ) 4 M p or  p ~ 4 x yr. The current experimental limit is yr. The limit is in disagreement with a careful estimate of the p decay lifetime in simple SU(5) GUT models. Thus we need to look a bit harder at the grand unification scheme.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center Why is the Universe made of matter? The present state of the Universe is very matter-antimatter asymmetric. The necessary conditions for such an asymmetry are the CP is violated, that Baryon number is not conserved, and that the Universe went through a phase out of thermal equilibrium. The existence of 3 generations allows for CP violation. The GUT has, of necessity, baryon non-conserving reactions due to lepto-quarks. Thus the possibility to explain the asymmetry exists in GUTs, although agreement with the data, N B /N  ~ 10 -9, and calculation may not be plausible.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 98 SUSY and Evolution of  It is impossible to maintain the big gap between the Higgs mass scale and the GUT mass scale in the presence of quantum radiative corrections. One way to restore the gap is to postulate a relationship between fermions and bosons. Each SM particle has a supersymmetric (SUSY) partner with spin 1/2 difference. If the mass of the SUSY partners is ~ 1 TeV, then the GUT unification is good - at GeV

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 99 Galactic Rotation Curves The rise of v as r (Keplers law) is observed, but no falloff is observed out to 60 kpc, well beyond the luminous region of typical galaxies. There must be a new “dark matter”.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 100 Summary for CMS Physics CMS will explore the full ( GeV) allowed region of Higgs masses. Precision data indicates that the Higgs is light. The generational regularities in mass and CKM matrix elements will probably not be informed by data taken at CMS. There appears to be a GUT scale which indicates new dynamics. The GUT explains charge quantization, the value of  W and perhaps the matter dominance of the Universe and the small values of the neutrino masses. However it fails in p decay and quadratic radiative corrections to Higgs mass scales.. Preserving the scales, (hierarchy problem) can be accomplished in SUSY. SUSY raises the GUT scale, making the p quasi-stable. The SUSY LSP provides a candidate to explain the observation of galactic “dark matter”. A local SUSY GUT naturally incorporates gravity. It can also possibly provide a small cosmological constant. A common GUT coupling and preservation of loop cancellations requires SUSY mass < 1 TeV. CMS will fully explore this SUSY mass range either proving or disproving this attractive hypothesis.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 101 What will we find at the LHC? There is a single fundamental Higgs scalar field. This appears to be incomplete and unsatisfying. Another layer of the “cosmic onion” is uncovered. Quarks and/or leptons are composites of some new point like entity. This is historically plausible – atoms  nuclei  nucleons  quarks. There is a deep connection between Lorentz generators and spin generators. Each known SM particle has a “super partner” differing by ½ unit in spin. An extended set of Higgs particles exists and a whole new “SUSY” spectroscopy exists for us to explore. The weak interactions become strong. Resonances appear in WW and WZ scattering as in  +   . A new force manifests itself, leading to a new spectroscopy. “There are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of”

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 102 Pictures +

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 103

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 104

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 105

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 106

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 107 Teacher and Student Immersion in Physics Research is Important. QuarkNet is a national program that partners high school teachers and students with particle physicists working on experiments in hadron collider physics.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 108 Working in close association with practitioners, teachers and students become immersed in the process of scientific research as it is actually performed, rather than being observers on the sidelines.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 109 Why is the research experience valuable to High School Teachers? How does participating in research impact teaching? How does the research experience impact students?

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 110 Who is involved? –High School Teachers –High School Students –Physicists

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 111 Why is the research experience valuable to High School Teachers? –Provides a deeper understanding of Physics –Participation in historic research –Teachers infused with greater enthusiasm

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 112 A key equation: E 2 = p 2 c 2 + m 2 c 4 New Physics: Higgs Bosons Supersymmetry String Theory Hidden Dimensions

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 113 How does participating in research impact teaching? –Brings new understanding to the classroom instruction –Current events have a personal connection –Students have greater respect for the teacher –Positive interaction with other like-minded teachers

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 114 FNAL Collider (DØ ) Event

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 115 How are students involved? –Classroom visits –Field trips –FermiLab Saturday Physics –Science Alive! –Equipment Sharing –Summer Research Experience

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 116 Field Trips

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 117 How are students chosen? –Applications –Participating High Schools –Juniors

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 118 How does the research experience impact students? –Student questions take classroom discussions to higher levels –Increased interest in Particle Physics research (Higgs) –Deeper understanding of how Physics is performed.

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 119 What are the benefits of Research Experiences for Teachers? –Feeling a part of current research –Understanding of scientific research –Greater student interest –Revitalized teaching –Camaraderie and support

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 120 Waveguides

QuarkNet Presentation B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center 121