Nu Xu1/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 Explore the QCD Phase Diagram.

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Nu Xu1/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 Explore the QCD Phase Diagram - Partonic Equation of State at RHIC Nu Xu Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Many Thanks to the Organizers

Nu Xu2/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 Outline 1)Introduction 2) STAR Experimental at RHIC 3) Partonic Collectivity in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions

Nu Xu3/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, Identify and study the properties of the matter (EOS) with partonic degrees of freedom. - Explore the QCD phase diagram. Physics Goals at RHIC Hydrodynamic Flow Collectivity Local Thermalization = 

Nu Xu4/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 STAR Experiment

Nu Xu5/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 STAR Physics Focus 1) Heavy-ion program - Study medium properties, EoS - pQCD in hot and dense medium 2) RHIC beam energy scan - Search for critical point - Chiral symmetry restoration Polarized spin program - Study proton intrinsic properties Forward program - Study low-x properties, search for CGC - Study elastic (inelastic) processes (pp2pp) - Investigate gluonic exchanges

Nu Xu6/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 STAR Detector MRPC ToF barrel Ready for run 10 RPSD PMD FPD FMSFMS EMC barrel EMC End Cap DAQ1000 Ready for run 9 Complete Ongoing R&D TPC FTPC Full azimuthal particle identification! e, π, ρ, K, K*, p, φ, Λ, Δ, Ξ, Ω, D, Λ C, J/ψ, Υ …

Nu Xu7/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 HFT TPC FGT STAR Detectors: Full 2π particle identification! EMC+EEMC+FMS (-1 ≤  ≤ 4) TOF DAQ1000

Nu Xu8/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 Particle Identification at STAR STAR TPC STAR ToF STAR EMC STAR HFT Neutral particles Strange Jets Heavy Quark hyperons Hadrons e, μ π K p d TPC ToF TPC Log 10 (p)

Nu Xu9/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 Particle Identification (ii) Reconstruct particles in full azimuthal acceptance of STAR!

Nu Xu10/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 Hadron Spectra from RHIC p+p and Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV sss ss uud ud Multi-strange hadron spectra are exponential in their shapes. STAR white papers - Nucl. Phys. A757, 102(2005). more central collisions 0-5%

Nu Xu11/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008  - mesons and Strange Baryons ssbar fusion   -meson formation! STAR: Phys. Lett. B612, 81(2005) STAR: PRL. 99 (2007) Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 62301(2007)

Nu Xu12/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 The s- and d-quark Spectra Assuming that the processes of hadronization follow coalescence  - parton spectra - ‘partonic collective flow’ velocity ~ c JinHui Chen: SQM08 c.f. Phys. Rev. C78 (2008)

Nu Xu13/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 STAR DetectorMRPC ToF barrel Ready for run 10 RPSD PMD FPD FMSFMS EMC barrel EMC End Cap DAQ1000 Ready for run 9 FGT Complete Ongoing MTD R&D HFT TPC

Nu Xu14/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 Quark Masses 1)Higgs mass: electro-weak symmetry breaking. (current quark mass) 2)QCD mass: Chiral symmetry breaking. (constituent quark mass) éNew mass scale compared to the excitation of the system. éImportant tool for studying properties of the hot/dense medium at RHIC. éTest pQCD predictions at RHIC. Total quark mass (MeV)

Nu Xu15/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 Charm Hadron v GeV Au+Au m.b. collisions (500M events). - Charm hadron collectivity  drag/diffusion constants  medium properties! GeV Au+Au m.b. collisions (|y|< M events) - Charm hadron R AA  energy loss mechanism, e.g. collisional vs. radiative!

Nu Xu16/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 Direct Radiation Expanding partonic matter at RHIC and LHC! Di-leptons allow us to measure the direct radiation from the matter with partonic degrees of freedom, no hadronization! - Low mass region: , ,   e - e + m inv  e - e + medium effect Chiral symmetry - High mass region: J/   e - e + m inv  e - e + Direct radiation PRL (07)

Nu Xu17/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 Pressure, Flow, …  d  = dU + pdV  – entropy; p – pressure; U – internal energy; V – volume  = k B T, thermal energy per dof In high-energy nuclear collisions, interaction among constituents and density distribution will lead to: pressure gradient  collective flow  number of degrees of freedom (dof)  Equation of State (EOS)  No thermalization is needed – pressure gradient only depends on the density gradient and interactions.  Space-time-momentum correlations!

Nu Xu18/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 y x pypy pxpx coordinate-space-anisotropy  momentum-space-anisotropy Anisotropy Parameter v 2 Initial/final conditions, EoS, degrees of freedom

Nu Xu19/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 Transverse Flow Observables 1) Radial flow – integrated over whole history of the evolution 2) Directed flow (v 1 ) – relatively early 3) Elliptic flow (v 2 ) – relatively early - Mass dependent: characteristic of hydrodynamic behavior.

Nu Xu20/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 v 2 at Low p T Region - Minimum bias data! - At low p T, model result fits mass hierarchy well - Collective motion at RHIC - More work needed to fix the details in the model calculations. P. Hu ovinen, private communications, 2004

Nu Xu21/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 Collectivity, Deconfinement at RHIC - v 2 of light hadrons and multi-strange hadrons - scaling by the number of quarks At RHIC:  N q scaling novel hadronization process êParton flow De-confinement PHENIX: PRL91, (03) STAR: PRL92, (04), 95, (05) nucl-ex/ , QM05 S. Voloshin, NPA715, 379(03) Models: Greco et al, PRC68, (03) Chen, Ko, nucl-th/ Nonaka et al. PLB583, 73(04) X. Dong, et al., Phys. Lett. B597, 328(04). …. i ii

Nu Xu22/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008  -meson Flow: Partonic Flow “  -mesons are produced via coalescence of seemingly thermalized quarks in central Au+Au collisions. This observation implies hot and dense matter with partonic collectivity has been formed at RHIC” STAR: Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (2007) // * STAR, Duke, TAMU ** OZI rule

Nu Xu23/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 Centrality Dependence STAR: Phys. Rev. C77, 54901(2008) 200 GeV Au+Au  Larger v 2 /  part indicates stronger flow in more central collisions.  NO  part scaling.  The observed n q -scaling does not necessarily mean thermalization. S. Voloshin, A. Poskanzer, PL B474, 27(00). D. Teaney, et. al., nucl-th/

Nu Xu24/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 Knudsen Fit – Assuming that  is same for all hadrons Note: only extract the product K 0  c s K 0 = 0.7 and c s 2 = 1/3 (fixed) – S is estimated from Glauber MC simulation – K 0 value is determined so as to reproduce the transport model calculation (K 0 = 0.7  0.03)* * C. Gombeaud and J.-Y. Ollitrault, PRC77, (2008)  : partonic cross section c s : speed of sound S : transverse area

Nu Xu25/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 Centrality Dependence of 〈 v 2 〉 Ideal hydro v 2 /    from  “optical” Glauber model Simultaneous fits Note: Fit v 2 {4} and v 2 {ZDC-SMD} for charged hadrons not plotted here PHENIX , K and p: preliminary, nucl-ex/ v1 STAR K 0 S, Λ, Ξ : Phys. Rev. C77, (2008) STAR  : Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, (2007) Ideal Hydro. : P. Huovinen and P. V. Ruuskanen, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 56, 163 (2006) and private communication

Nu Xu26/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 Ideal Hydrodynamic Limit - Only approaching hydro limit at most central collisions! - Questions: Viscous effects ?? or Non-thermalization in HI collisions ?? v 2 max Drescher, Dumitru, Gombeaud, J.Ollitrault; Phys. Rev. C76, (2007)

Nu Xu27/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 sQGP and the QCD Phase Diagram In 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC, strongly interacting matter formed: - Jet energy loss: R AA - Strong collectivity: v 0, v 1, v 2 - Hadronization via coalescence: n q -scaling Questions: Has the thermalization reached at RHIC? - Serious analysis with dN/dp T and dv 2 /dp T results… - Heavy quark measurements When (at which energy) does this transition happen? What does the QCD phase diagram look like? - RHIC Beam Energy Scan

Nu Xu28/28VIII International Workshop on Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Physics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6, November, 2008 The QCD Critical Point - LGT prediction on the transition temperature T C is robust. - LGT calculation, universality, and models hinted the existence of the critical point on the QCD phase diagram* at finite baryon chemical potential. - Experimental evidence for either the critical point or 1 st order transition is important for our knowledge of the QCD phase diagram*. * Thermalization has been assumed M. Stephanov, K. Rajagopal, and E. Shuryak, PRL 81, 4816(98) K. Rajagopal, PR D61, (00) Res.pdfhttp:// Res.pdf 2010: RHIC Beam Energy Scan 2011: Heavy Quark measurements