B 3.1 Photosynthesis TSWBAT Summarize the overall process by which photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy and interpret the chemical equation for the process

Where does photosyhthesis take place? Chloroplast: Thylakoid-contain chlorophyll, a chemical that captures the sun’s energy and gives plants their green color Found in the cells in plant leaves

Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photo = “light” Synthesis = “to put together” Using light energy to put molecules together Convert inorganic molecules to organic molecules 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 2 phases

Phase 1: Light-Dependent Reactions Step 1) Absorb light Where: Thylakoid Chlorophyll, found in the thylakoid membrane, captures sunlight

Step 2) Sunlight energy is used to split water into oxygen & hydrogen The hydrogen atoms are forced inside the thylakoid

sunlight NADPH ATP h+ h+ ADP P + h+ 1 h+ Thylakoid space 2 h+ h+ h+ h+ atp synthase h+ Thylakoid space 2 h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h20 h+ h+ h+ 2h+ + ½O2 h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ thylakoid h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ Thylakoid membrane granum

Step 3) Make ATP and NADPH Hydrogen atoms diffuse thru the thylakoid membrane and make an ATP molecule Left over light energy makes NADPH

Phase 2: Dark Reactions Where: stroma inside chloroplast Jelly-like fluid Step 1) Carbon Fixation Calvin Cycle Carbon dioxide is added to different organic molecules

Phase 2: Dark Reactions cont’d Step 2) Energy transfer The ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions give their energy away to the Calvin Cycle Used to form G3P molecules

CO2 ATP ADP ADP Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH NADP+ g3p glucose To cytoplasm

Phase 2: Dark Reactions cont’d Step 3) Make Glucose G3P leaves the chloroplast and is used to make glucose G3P

Alternative Pathways C4 Plants: plants in hot climates Absorb CO2 differently Corn, sugar cane CAM Plants: plants in dry climates Absorb CO2 at night Pineapple, orchids, cactus

B 3.2 Cellular Respiration TSWBAT Summarize the basic aerobic and anaerobic processes of cellular respiration and interpret the chemical equation for cellular respiration

Step 1: Glycolysis Where: Cytoplasm Plant & Animal cells A 6-carbon glucose molecule is broken into two, 3-carbon pyruvate molecules 2 ATP are USED 2 NADH and 4 ATP are PRODUCED Net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Step 2: Pyruvate Conversion Where: Matrix of the Mitochondria The two, pyruvate molecules are turned into two, Acetyl CoA molecules 1 NADH is made

Step 3: Aerobic Respiration Where: Matrix of the Mitochondria Both Acetyl CoA molecules enter a series of reactions called the Krebs Cycle Producing: 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 CO2

Krebs Cycle Acetyl CoA co2 NAD+ NADH NADH NAD+ NAD+ ATP NADH ADP + P fADH2 fAD

Step 4: Electron Transport Where: Cristae of the Mitochondria Folded inner membrane The NADH and FADH2 from the Krebs Cycle give energy to proteins found in the cristae.

Matrix h+ h+ h+ The energy is used to force hydrogen atoms out of the matrix and into the inner membrane space h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ Inner Membrane Space h+

Step 5: Chemiosmosis Hydrogen atoms diffuse thru the cristae back into the matrix and form ATP 1 NADH = 2 ATP 1 FADH2 = 3 ATP Oxygen picks up left over hydrogen to form water.

Inner membrane space matrix h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ ATP h2o NADh + FADH2 NAD+ + FAD ADP P + 2h+ + o matrix

Anaeroebic Respiration If Oxygen is not available: Lactic Acid Fermentation: Glucose → Pyruvate → Lactic Acid Muscles after exercising Alcohol Fermentation: Glucose → Pyruvate → Ethanol + CO2 yeast in bread production Produce less ATP