Chapter 4 Cell Energy: Photosynthesis & Respiration Plants go through photosynthesis  our body does the _________- continuous cycle

Experiments Jan Van ______- planted tree- 5 yrs later- no soil mass change- tree grew  source was WATER not soil Jan Van ______- planted tree- 5 yrs later- no soil mass change- tree grew  source was WATER not soil Joseph ______- candle and plant in glass bell- candle alone did not burn Joseph ______- candle and plant in glass bell- candle alone did not burn plant w/______- plant produced O 2 needed for candle to burn plant w/______- plant produced O 2 needed for candle to burn

Requirements for Photosynthesis air- CO 2 air- CO 2 ________ ________ H 2 O H 2 O Products of Photosynthesis - glucose (simple sugars) - ________

Photosynthesis & NRG – some terms ________ ________ use a source of direct nrg (sunlight) to produce food from _______ molecules use a source of direct nrg (sunlight) to produce food from _______ molecules heterotroph Cannot produce own source of food obtain nrg from foods eaten- other ________ and autotrophs

Structure of Chloroplast thylakoid membrane ________ _______ light reactions- ________ membranes ________ reactions- stroma

electron micrograph of plant chloroplast

Light Reactions pigments capture sunlight to “make” nrg pigments capture sunlight to “make” nrg chlorophyll absorbs red-orange-blue- violet-but __________ green chlorophyll absorbs red-orange-blue- violet-but __________ green happens in the disk structures called thylakoid membranes happens in the disk structures called thylakoid membranes can be summarized in 4 actions… can be summarized in 4 actions…

Light Reactions 1- light is absorbed by pigments- light is passed from pigment to pigment 1- light is absorbed by pigments- light is passed from pigment to pigment 2- electron transport- high nrg e- passed along by carriers- converts _______ to NADPH (E storing compound) 2- electron transport- high nrg e- passed along by carriers- converts _______ to NADPH (E storing compound) 3- ________ production 3- ________ production 4- ATP formation- ADP+P by enzyme in thylakoid membranes 4- ATP formation- ADP+P by enzyme in thylakoid membranes

Calvin Cycle (_____ __________ ) “dark” because light does not play a specific role in these reactions- “dark” because light does not play a specific role in these reactions- could happen in light OR dark could happen in light OR dark uses: ATP and high E __________ uses: ATP and high E __________ (e- raised to a higher nrg level by absorption of sunlight) (e- raised to a higher nrg level by absorption of sunlight) happens in the ________ of chloroplast happens in the ________ of chloroplast

Calvin Cycle (Dark Reactions ) 5-C sugar combines w/CO 2 to make 2 3-C sugars (enzyme rubisco helps) 5-C sugar combines w/CO 2 to make 2 3-C sugars (enzyme rubisco helps) the 3-C sugars are converted to PGAL w/nrg in NADPH & ATP (light rxns) the 3-C sugars are converted to PGAL w/nrg in NADPH & ATP (light rxns) (phosphoglyceraldehyde) makes glucose (phosphoglyceraldehyde) makes glucose Calvin cycle must go around ______ to produce 1 molecule of glucose- why?? Calvin cycle must go around ______ to produce 1 molecule of glucose- why?? hint- glucose is a 6-C sugar hint- glucose is a 6-C sugar

brief pictorial representation of photosynthesis

The two reactions together (light and dark)- make the GLUCOSE for plants

The opposite reaction (process)…Respiration Where does nrg come from for animals? Where does nrg come from for animals? Respiration- 2 types Respiration- 2 types aerobic respiration- oxygen required aerobic respiration- oxygen required anaerobic respiration- no oxygen required anaerobic respiration- no oxygen required

Anaerobic = fermentation Glucose  2 ethanol + 2 carbon dioxide + 2 ATPs Glucose  2 ethanol + 2 carbon dioxide + 2 ATPs only 2 ATPs (compare that later to # produced by Aerobic) C 6 H 12 O 6  2 CH 3 CH 2 OH + 2 CO 2 + NRG (ethanol) (2 ATP) (ethanol) (2 ATP)

2 types of Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation takes place in yeast cells & a few other microorganisms- important to bakers and brewers…Why? takes place in yeast cells & a few other microorganisms- important to bakers and brewers…Why? glucose broken down into: glucose broken down into: 2-Carbon alcohol 2-Carbon alcohol CO 2 CO 2 produces “bubbles” in beer, sparkling wine produces “bubbles” in beer, sparkling wine allows bread to rise allows bread to rise

Lactic Acid Fermentation happens in muscle cells hard workouts- no O 2 – NRG still needs to be produced- cell changes to anaerobic respiration build-up of lactic acid causes a burning, painful sensation in muscles

Aerobic Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2  6 CO H 2 O + E (38 ATP) glycolysis and respiration glycolysis- glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid (cytosol) pyruvic acid moves into mitochondria for Kreb’s cycle (citric acid cycle) 38 ATP produced (net)!

Aerobic Respiration

Electron Transport Chain This takes place in the inter membrane of the Mitochondrion This takes place in the inter membrane of the Mitochondrion This is where most of the ATP is made. This is where most of the ATP is made. A pair of electrons moving down the chain can A pair of electrons moving down the chain can Produce enough energy to make 3 ATP