Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition Chapter 3 Database Systems and Business Intelligence 1

Data Management Without data and the ability to process it An organization could not successfully complete most business activities For data to be transformed into useful information, it must first be organized in a meaningful way Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

The Database Approach Traditional approach to database management Separate data files are created and stored for each application program Database approach to database management Multiple application programs share a pool of related data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Data Modeling Building a database requires two types of designs Logical design Abstract model of how data should be structured and arranged to meet an organization’s information needs Physical design Fine-tunes the logical database design for performance and cost considerations Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Data Modeling (continued) Planned data redundancy Improves system performance Data model Diagram of data entities and their relationships Enterprise data modeling Data modeling done at the level of the entire enterprise Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams Data models that use basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationships between data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

The Relational Database Model Relational model Describes data using a standard tabular format Data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations, the logical equivalent of files Domain Allowable values for data attributes Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Database Management Systems (DBMS) Group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs or a database and the user Used to manage all kinds of data for all kinds of purposes Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Overview of Database Types Flat file Simple database program whose records have no relationship to one another Single user Only one person can use the database at a time Multiple user Allows dozens or hundreds of people to access the same database system at the same time Examples: Oracle, Sybase, and IBM Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Providing a User View Schema Logical and physical structure of the data and relationships among the data in the database Can be part of the database or a separate schema file Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Creating and Modifying the Database Data definition language (DDL) Collection of instructions/commands that define and describe data and data relationships in a database Allows database creator to describe the data and the data relationships that are to be contained in the schema Data dictionary Detailed description of all the data used in the database Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Storing and Retrieving Data One function of a DBMS To be an interface between an application program and the database Concurrency control Method of dealing with a situation in which two or more people need to access the same record in a database at the same time Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Manipulating Data and Generating Reports Query-by-example (QBE) Visual approach to developing database queries or requests Data manipulation language (DML) Commands that manipulate the data in a database Structured Query Language (SQL) Standardized data manipulation language Lets programmers learn one powerful query language and use it on systems ranging from PCs to the largest mainframe computers Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Database Administration Database administrator (DBA) should: Have a clear understanding of the fundamental business of the organization Be proficient in the use of selected database management systems Stay abreast of emerging technologies and new design approaches Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Popular Database Management Systems Popular DBMSs for end users Microsoft Access and FileMaker Pro Emerging software Database as a Service (DaaS) or Database 2.0 Database administration is provided by the service provider Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Selecting a Database Management System Important characteristics of databases Database size Database cost Concurrent users Performance Integration Vendor Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Using Databases with Other Software Database management systems are often used with other software packages or the Internet Front-end application Directly interacts with users Back-end application Interacts with applications Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Database Applications Manipulate content of a database to produce useful information Common manipulations Searching, filtering, synthesizing, and assimilating data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Linking Databases to the Internet Semantic Web Developing a seamless integration of traditional databases with the Internet Allows people to access and manipulate a number of traditional databases at the same time through the Internet Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining Holds business information from many sources in the enterprise Data mart Subset of a data warehouse Data mining Information-analysis tool for discovering patterns and relationships in a data warehouse Predictive analysis: combines historical data with assumptions about future conditions Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Business Intelligence Gathering the right information in a timely manner and usable form and analyzing it to have a positive impact on business Competitive intelligence Limited to information about competitors and the ways that knowledge affects strategy, tactics, and operations Counterintelligence Steps an organization takes to protect information sought by “hostile” intelligence gatherers Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Distributed Databases Data may be spread across several smaller databases connected via telecommunications devices Give corporations and other organizations more flexibility in how databases are organized and used Replicated database Holds a duplicate set of frequently used data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) Software that allows users to explore data from a number of perspectives Provides top-down, query-driven data analysis Requires repetitive testing of user originated theories Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Object-Relational Database Management Systems Object-oriented database Database that stores both data and its processing instructions Object-oriented database management system (OODBMS) Programs that manipulate an object-oriented database and provide a user interface and connections to other application programs Object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) Capable of manipulating audio, video, and graphical data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Visual, Audio, and Other Database Systems Virtual database systems Allow different databases to work together as a unified database system Spatial data technology Use of a database to store and access data according to the locations it describes Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Summary Data Traditional file-oriented applications Data model DBMS Organized into a hierarchy that builds from the smallest element to the largest Traditional file-oriented applications Often characterized by program-data dependence Data model Map or diagram of entities and their relationships DBMS Group of programs used as an interface between a database and its users and other applications Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Summary (continued) After a DBMS has been installed Data warehouse It can be accessed, modified, and queried via a data manipulation language Data warehouse Relational database management systems specifically designed to support management decision making Business intelligence Getting enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition