The Russian Empire And its Many Peoples

Introduction

Reading Quiz Manitou and Providence, Ch. 6 1.How did the “Great Migration” of 1630s change New England? 2. How did the Puritans differ from the Anglicans? 3. What were Puritan plans for New England’s native peoples? 4. How did the Puritans take over indigenous lands?

A.Foundations of an Absolutist State Gathering of the Russian Land 1480 Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow, Muscovy, Novgorod Recruited peasants “Cossacks” (meaning?) (Turkish for free men) Strong Centralized government

The Time of Troubles Opposition to tsarist centralizing and expansionist policies Boyars, elite military aristocracy (like knights or Samurai) Tsar Ivan IV (reigned ) began rule age 16 Known as “The Terrible” Ivan the Terrible Oprichniki, new aristocracy to settle on redistributed lands Russian Civil War, famine, Poland & Sweeden invaded 1613 Mikhail Romanov new tsar, dynasty lasted until 1917

B.Westernization and Empire Tsars Peter I and Catherine II: Massive westernization Strengthened tsarist state, consolidated vast Russian empire

A Window on the West Tsar Peter I ( ) liked Western ideas and inventions) Forced & rapid westernization Military, Navy, Bureaucracy: taxes, Peter the Great industrial production Culture: Social reforms, abolished harem, mixing genders hacked off beards St. Petersburg: new capital city on Baltic Sea

The Limits of Westernization Catherine II ( ) most able successor Continued western imitation Elightened despot: keep power & authority but improved lives 1773 Pugachev rebellion crushed French Revolution alarmed

Growing Russian Empire Russian Empire in Europe Powerful state, $, advanced military, empire until 1991 Siberia, Ukraine, Poland, Balkans Russian Empire in Asia Mongol states divided Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimea by 16th C Ivan IV took Kazan in 1552, Astrakhan, Volga Turkish and Mongol people under Russian rule Stroganov: 1581 captured Siberia in Urals: furs By 1763, 420,000 Russian migrants doubled pop. Siberia

D.Cultures in Tension Russia vast but sparsely populated Muscovite Society before Westernization The Growth of Trade and Industry Peter the Great brought many foreigners to Russia Population doubled during 18th C, Peter’s rule, 15 to 37 million Incorporation of many indigenous peoples

E. Indigenous Peoples of Russia Adyghe, titular nation of Adygea Altay people, titular nation of Altai Republic and Altai Krai Bashkirs, titular nation of Bashkortostan Balkars, titular nation of Kabardino-Balkaria Belarusians (see Belarusians in Russia) Buryat people, titular nation of Buryatia, Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug and Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug Chechens, titular nation of Chechnya Chuvash, titular nation of Chuvashia Cherkess, titular nation of Karachay–Cherkessia Ingushs, titular nation of Ingushetia Kabardins, titular nation of Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmyks, titular nation of Kalmykia Karachays, titular nation of Karachay–Cherkessia Karelians, titular nation of Karelia Khakas, titular nation of Khakassia Komi peoples, titular nation of Komi Republic Mordvin people, titular nation of Mordovia Ossetians, titular nation of North Ossetia Mari people, titular nation of Mari El Russians Tatars, titular nation of Tatarstan Tuvinians, titular nation of Tuva Udmurts, titular nation of Udmurtia Ukrainians (see Ukrainians in Russia and Ukrainians in Kuban) Yakuts, titular nation of Sakha Republic

E.Cultural Clashes Crisis in the Russian Orthodox Church Spirit of reform and regulation also inspired Church Monk Nikon in mid-17th C, led to deep schism over sign of cross

Westernization and the Enlightenment of Russia 1714 Elementary education: read, write, basic science Catherine: literature, satire, diverse opinions, wrote plays Intellectual class: intelligentsia: journals French Revolution brought speedy end to intellectual & cultural experimentation

Conclusions: Culture in the Russian Empire Russia grew from small regional state to vast continental empire Expansion brought resources and problems: strained labor & resources Interaction with Western Europe led to further tension Reforming tzars remodeled along European culture Encouraged selective cultural imitation After French Revolution abandoned program of reform