Chapter 14 key terms and questions DG & TH

Mamluks: slave dynasty of Egypt Golden Horde: a group of Mongol armies names after the golden tent of the early khans of the western sector of the Mongol Empire Alexander Nevskii/Nevsky: Russian prince who submitted temporarily to Mongol demands to save the cathedral of Saint Sophia

Genghis/Chinggis Khan: Grandson to Kabul Khan Names head khangan of Mongols in 1206 Founded the tumens Formal code of warriors Conquered from china to Caspian sea Karakorum: capital of Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan

White Lotus Society: a secret religious sect dedicated to overthrowing the Yuan Dynasty shamanistic religion: (focused on nature spirits) beliefs in ancestors Timur: (Timur-I Lang) also known as Tamerlane; leader of the Turkic nomad; beginning in the 1360s; launched serious of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India & southern Russia; empire fell after death in 1405

Khanates: four great territories of the Golden Horde into which the Mongol Empire was divided at the time of Chinggis Khan’s death Ming Dynasty: dynasty after the Yuan that ruled China for most of the next 3 centuries Yuan: New social structure est. in China Chinese lead bureaucracy Women refused to adopt practice of foot binding & still had rights to property and control w/in household Marco Polo travels to China during this time

Describe the nature of the military organization established by Chinggis Khan The nature of the military organization established by Chinggis Khan was strict and orderly. The Mongol army was a terror to other empires. With a variety of weapons, their most feared being the short bow. Sealed in by a formal code, warriors were loyal to their leaders and to the head leader. They could be deadly too; if the city that was being conquered did not surrender to them quickly they would raid the town, destroy everything then slaughter or sell the townspeople into slavery.

Describe the positive aspects of the Mongol conquests One of the positive aspects of the Mongol conquests was that brought peace to much of Asia. In smaller towns, artisans, who produced handcrafted produce and scholars flourished. Chinggis wanted a culturally diverse empire, therefore allowing religious freedom and freedom of expression. Secure trade routes were established which lead to wealthy cities.

2009 AP essay: Analyze continuities & changes in patterns of interaction along the Silk Roads from 200BCE to 1450CE Continuities  Products (Europe’s gold & silver)  Religion, art & knowledge (continually diffused throughout history of SR ( C,B & I))  Location (no new routes) Changes  Leaders (from Chinese rule to Mongol rule)  Products (China’s horses to silk, jade & other luxury goods)  Importance (declined due to merchants fear & rose during Mongol rule)  Routes (less protected during era’s of unimportance)  Status of Women (rose)

2005 AP essay: Compare & contrast the political & economic effects of Mongol rule on the following regions China, Middle East, & Russia China  Political  Use of foreigners for bureaucrats (Marco Polo)  No use of scholar gentry  Economic  Increase in trade  Elevated status of merchants  Extra taxes Middle East  Political  Local lords administered taxes and took census  Diplomatic contacts  Economic  Destruction of Baghdad  Rise in trade  Mongols took taxes and tribute Russia  Political  Independent government (learned how to centralize away from Mongols)  Rise of Moscow decline of Kiev  Economic  Increased trade  Plague  High taxes on peasants