Eszter Makara

Employment Strengthening role of specific pull factors Decreasing importance of primary economic factors Over half of non- Hungarians came with written contract (26% were promised)

A munkavállalás körülményei [m1] [m1] [m1] Rossy cím[m1] Munkahely és rétegződés Workplace Variation, strong differentiation and inequality 60% permanent contract; 30% fixed-term contract

Education 27% acquired highest level of education in Hungary (mostly: neighboring countries, Arab countries) higher position holders, intellectuals have studied in H  long term effect on integration

Structure of employment Type of workplace: Micro (20%)- small (15%) enterprises/big companies (15%) 17% in public sector “two end of hierarchy” Job types Men/Women

Undeclared work 4/5 of workers have written contract (Asians 2/3, Africans-Arabs-Ukranians ¾) Micro-self employment 50% manual/-qualified manual worker less than 2/3 “black work”1/4 “grey work” 1/10 Legal work 2/3 (education level:60%-78%) Others: legal workers 78,5%;marketers 63,2% non- declared; e.g. film industry 12% has no tax nr. (minimum level) E.g. construction industry 50%  > 60% 40-45% of Ukranians

Other typical forms of work 41% has done incidental work Seasonal work (esp. agriculture, construction) Reasons for employment of 3 rd country nationals (prof): 1.Cheaper (29,5%) 2.Not enough Hungarians with the required qualifications 3.Hungarians would not do the work Other: More flexible and mobile Low mobility among Hungarians Language

Effects on the economy Positive: Flexible workforce (3,3) Supply of workers for “bad” jobs (3,7) As enterpreneurs, creating work for Hungarians (3) Contributes to the development of some economic sectors (3,3%) Negative: Conserves bad working conditions (3) Increases discrimination (2,9) Increases domestic unemployment (2,5) Intensifies labour-market discrimination (2,3) Increases crime (1,8)

Qualification  60,7% think, they find work according to qualification : university 63,5% EU 69,3%  not find adequate job: years 52,9% Chinese and African Professionals: EU 90,2;3 rd country 52% Required competences can not be projected (skills prognosis needed) More important are general competences Difficulty of matching qualifications

Living/working conditions Differences in living standards according to nationality and qualifications (average satisfaction 3,82) Salaries (average ) max=2.5xmin (3,39) Other benefits (2,75) Colleagues (4,17) Boss (3,83) Working conditions (3,86) Working hours (30% less than 8 hrs 33% 8 hrs, 33% more) Asians 50% over 10 hrs Leave days specific to nationality Supporting family at home( ) Housing (19,5-21,5-30,4-22,2-6,5)

Discrimination Discrimination: Unqualified workers Seasonal workers Irregular/undeclared workers Africans, Asian, Ukrainian Non-discrimination for compatriots: At workplace 55% Administration 46% Other 71%

To find jobSalary Little worse 47%38% Same 31,4%45% Chances compared to Hungarians

Experience on Hungarian labour-market How problematic are the following?

What are the main barriers for integration? Those, who migrate, would rather go to the West (3,84) Legal administration for employment is difficult (3,2) Employment for 3rd country nationals is too difficult (3,16) Have to work more for the same money

Social integration Structural integration is good Need for civil society organizations (93%) Problems for unskilled, undeclared workers Cognitive integration: Language knowledge is essential (few exceptions) 34% of non-Hungarians experienced problem 23% experienced not getting a job for language problems Problems in administration Segregation and social discrimination is low

Future  We are at the beginning of a migration cycle (changing patterns) Migrants dominantly stay here for more years 50% over 1 year, but not forever 2/5 would stay in Hungary Over 50% of 3rd country migration is temporary High qualified: ¾ long term (positive structure for domestic economy) Average duration of stay decreased

Forecast 1.Hungary will be the target of migrant workers from less developed, developing countries 2.Development of communication technologies will decrease costs of migration, but will not help integration 3.Demand for migraant workers will not show structural differences in coming years, but more qualified workers will be needed in the long-run 4.Structure of nationality of migrants will change 5.Number of small enterprises will grow 6.Irregular work will decrease 7.Discrimination will be more intense Depending on migrant and employment policy