Constrained Green Base Station Deployment with Resource Allocation in Wireless Networks 1 Zhongming Zheng, 1 Shibo He, 2 Lin X. Cai, and 1 Xuemin (Sherman) Shen 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Waterloo 2 School of Engineering and Applied Science Princeton University HANDBOOK ON GREEN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

1 Introduction Literature Review System Model Problem Formulation TCGBP Algorithm Numerical Results Conclusion & Future Work Outline

Introduction Energy Sources –Renewable Energy Repeatedly replenished Examples: hydropower, biomass –Non-renewable Energy: Once depleted, no more available Examples: coal, natural gas 2

Introduction Green Energy –Eco-friendly renewable energy –Example: wind, solar 3

Introduction Green Wireless Communication Networks – WLAN mesh network structure 4

Introduction Projects –EARTH Energy Aware Radio and neTwork tecHnologies –PERANET –GREENRADIO 5

6 Introduction Literature Review System Model Problem Formulation TCGBP Algorithm Numerical Results Conclusion & Future Work Outline

Literature Review Device Design –PV systems [1] Probabilistic methods [2] Simulation model –Energy charging and discharging models [3] Battery/energy buffer [4] Power consumption model of BSs 7 [1] H. A. M. Maghraby, M. H. Shwehdi, and G. K. Al-Bassam, “Probabilistic assessment of photovoltaic (pv) generation systems,” Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 205–208, Feb [2] E. Lorenzo and L. Navarte, “On the usefulness of stand-alone pv sizing methods,” Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 391–409, Aug [3] L. X. Cai, Y. Liu, H. T. Luan, X. Shen, J. W. Mark, and H. V. Poor, “Adaptive resource management in sustainable energy powered wireless mesh networks,” in IEEE Globecom, Houston, TX, USA, Dec , pp. 1–5. [4] O. Arnold, F. Richter, G. Fettweis, and O. Blume, “Power consumption modeling of different base station types in heterogeneous cellular networks,” in Future Network & Mobile Summit, Florence, IT, Jun , pp. 1–8.

Literature Review Minimal Device Deployment –Continuous Case Direct search [5] Quasi-Newton methods –Discrete Case [6] Sustainability [7] Outage free 8 [5] G. L. Z. Wei and L. Qi, “New quasi-newton methods for unconstrained optimization problems,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 175, no. 2, pp. 1156–1188, Apr [6] Z. Zheng, L. X. Cai, M. Dong, X. Shen, and H. V. Poor, “Constrained energyaware ap placement with rate adaptation in wlan mesh networks,” in IEEE GLOBECOM, Houston, TX, USA, Dec , pp. 1–5. [7] S. A. Shariatmadari, A. A. Sayegh, and T. D. Todd, “Energy aware basestation placement in solar powered sensor networks,” in IEEE WCNC, Sydney, AUS, Apr , pp. 1–6.

Literature Review Resource Allocation –Scheme Design [8] Traffic scheduling [9] Admission control and routing [10] Power control 9 [8] A. A. Hammad, G. H. Badawy, T. D. Todd, A. A. Sayegh, and D. Zhao, “Traffic scheduling for energy sustainable vehicular infrastructure,” in IEEE GLOBECOM, Miami, FL, USA, Dec , pp. 1–6. [9] L. Lin, N. B. Shroff, and R. Srikant, “Asymptotically optimal energy-aware routing for multihop wireless networks with renewable energy sources,” Networking, IEEE/ACM Transactions on, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 1021–1034, Oct [10] A. Farbod and T. D. Todd, “Resource allocation and outage control for solarpowered wlan mesh networks,” Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 960–970, Aug

10 Introduction Literature Review System Model Problem Formulation TCGBP Algorithm Numerical Results Conclusion & Future Work Outline

System Model Given a set of BSs, users and candidate locations All users are associated with a BS BSs are powered by renewable energy BSs and users may have different power levels of charging and transmission In a WLAN, BS and its associated users use the same transmission power 11

System Model No inter-WLAN interference with orthogonal channels assigned to BSs for inter-WLAN communication BSs can only be placed at a given set of candidate locations BSs at different candidate locations have different charging capabilities 12

13 Introduction Literature Review System Model Problem Formulation TCGBP Algorithm Numerical Results Conclusion & Future Work Outline

Problem Formulation 14 The number of deployed BSs Full coverage & Each user is associated with only one BS Achieved throughput ≥ Traffic demand Harvested energy ≥ Consumed energy

Problem Formulation Initialization: Output: 15

Problem Formulation Problem Analysis –Minimal BS placement problem with power allocation –NP-hard problem Sub-problems are NP-hard –Optimal placement of BSs with a fixed power –Power allocation of BSs 16

Problem Formulation Algorithm Design Strategy –NP-hard → No solution in polynomial time –Design an effective heuristic algorithm Achieve good performance Reduce the time complexity 17

18 Introduction Literature Review System Model Problem Formulation TCGBP Algorithm Numerical Results Conclusion & Future Work Outline

TCGBP Algorithm First Phase –Partition the whole network region into several VPs (Voronoi Polygons) –Place one BS in each candidate location –Connect users to the BS in the same VP region 19

TCGBP Algorithm First Phase 20

TCGBP Algorithm Second Phase –Connect BSs and users in neighboring VP regions until constraints can not be held –Return the result when all users are connected 21

TCGBP Algorithm Second Phase 22

TCGBP Algorithm 23 Phase II Phase I

TCGBP Algorithm 24

25 Introduction Literature Review System Model Problem Formulation TCGBP Algorithm Numerical Results Conclusion & Future Work Outline

Numerical Results Simulation Configurations 26 ParameterValue WLAN mesh networks100 m × 100 m Transmission power levels10 dBm, 15 dBm, 20 dBm Charging capability[20, 30] mW per slot Time duration1000 slots Channel bandwidth40 MHz Path loss exponent4 Background noise-20 dBm

Numerical Results Different numbers of users and traffic demands 27

Numerical Results Different numbers of candidate locations and charging capabilities 28

29 Introduction Literature Review System Model Problem Formulation TCGBP Algorithm Numerical Results Conclusion & Future Work Outline

Conclusion Green energy sources Formulate an optimal green BS placement problem Propose TCGBP algorithm –Approach the optimal solution with significantly reduced time complexity 30

Future Work Study the impacts of dynamics in the energy charging and discharging process Analyze the network capacity bounds under different deployment strategies 31