1.2 Measurements and Uncertainties

1.2.1 State the fundamental units in the SI system In science, numbers aren’t just numbers. They need a unit. We use standards for this unit. A standard is: a basis for comparison a reference point against which other things can be evaluated Ex. Meter, second, degree

1.2.1 State the fundamental units in the SI system The unit of a #, tells us what standard to use. Two most common system: English system Metric system The science world agreed to use the International System (SI) Based upon the metric system.

1.2.1 State the fundamental units in the SI system

Conversions in the SI are easy because everything is based on powers of 10

Units and Standards Ex. Length. Base unit is meter.

Common conversions 2.54 cm = 1 in4 qt = 1 gallon 5280 ft = 1 mile4 cups = 48 tsp 2000 lb = 1 ton 1 kg = lb 1 lb = g 1 lb = 16 oz 1 L = 1.06 qt

Scientific Notation

1.2.2 Distinguish between fundamental and derived units and give examples of derived units. Some derived units don’t have any special names Quantity NameQuantity Symbol Unit NameUnit Symbol AreaASquare meter VolumeVCubic meter AccelerationaMeters per second squared DensitypKilogram per cubic meter

1.2.2 Distinguish between fundamental and derived units and give examples of derived units. Others have special names Quantity NameQuantity Symbol Special unit nameSpecial unit Symbol FrequencyfHz ForceFN Energy/WorkE, WJ PowerPW Electric PotentialVV

1.2.2 Distinguish between fundamental and derived units and give examples of derived units. A derived unit is a unit which can be defined in terms of two or more fundamental units. For example speed(m/s) is a unit which has been derived from the fundamental units for distance(m) and time(s)

Scientific Notation A short-hand way of writing large numbers without writing all of the zeros.

Scientific notation consists of two parts: A number between 1 and 10 A power of 10 N x 10 x

The Distance From the Sun to the Earth 149,000,000km

Step 1 Move the decimal to the left Leave only one number in front of decimal

Step 2 Write the number without zeros

Step 3 Count how many places you moved decimal Make that your power of ten

The power of ten is 7 because the decimal moved 7 places.

93,000, Standard Form 9.3 x Scientific Notation

Practice Problem 1) 98,500,000 = 9.85 x 10 ? 2) 64,100,000,000 = 6.41 x 10 ? 3) 279,000,000 = 2.79 x 10 ? 4) 4,200,000 = 4.2 x 10 ? Write in scientific notation. Decide the power of ten x x x x 10 6

More Practice Problems 1) 734,000,000 = ______ x ) 870,000,000,000 = ______x ) 90,000,000,000 = _____ x On these, decide where the decimal will be moved. 1)7.34 x ) 8.7 x ) 9 x 10 10

Complete Practice Problems 1) 50,000 2) 7,200,000 3) 802,000,000,000 Write in scientific notation. 1) 5 x ) 7.2 x ) 8.02 x 10 11

Scientific Notation to Standard Form Move the decimal to the right 3.4 x 10 5 in scientific notation 340,000 in standard form move the decimal

Practice: Write in Standard Form 6.27 x x ,270,000 90,100

Accuracy, Precision and Significant Figures

Accuracy & Precision Accuracy: How close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity that was measured. Think: How close to the real value is it?

Accuracy & Precision Precision: How closely two or more measurements of the same quantity agree with one another. Think: Can the measurement be consistently reproduced?

Significant Figures The numbers reported in a measurement are limited by the measuring tool Significant figures in a measurement include the known digits plus one estimated digit

Three Basic Rules Non-zero digits are always significant has ____ significant figures Any zeros between two significant digits are significant has ____ significant figures A final zero or trailing zeros if it has a decimal, ONLY, are significant has ____ significant figures 200 has ____ significant figures

Practice How many sig. fig’s do the following numbers have? cm _________ 5.6 ft ____________ 2001 min ________ 50.8 mm _________ 25,000 in ________ 200. yr __________ mm ________ oz ________

Exact Numbers Can be thought of as having an infinite number of significant figures An exact number won’t limit the math items in a dozen inches in a foot seconds in a minute

Adding and Subtracting The answer has the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places one decimal place two decimal places answer 26.5 one decimal place

Practice: Adding and Subtracting In each calculation, round the answer to the correct number of significant figures. A = 1) ) ) 257 B = 1) ) ) 40.7

Multiplying and Dividing Round to so that you have the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures. 42 two sig figs x 10.8 three sig figs answer 450 two sig figs

Practice: Multiplying and Dividing In each calculation, round the answer to the correct number of significant figures. A X 4.2 = 1) 9 2) 9.2 3) B ÷ 0.07 = 1) ) 62 3) 60

Practice work How many sig figs are in each number listed? A) D) B) E) C) 1000F) Calculate, giving the answer with the correct number of sig figs x 0.53 (12.6 x 0.53) – 4.59 (25.36 – 4.1) ÷ 2.317