Review Exam 1

Assumptions Paradigms Positivism Post-Positivism Constructivism Critical Theory Ontology Epistemology Methodology 2

Testable Research Question (Kerlinger & Lee, 2000) Asks a Question About …… That ………… 3

Types of Variables Categorical Discrete groups: gender, depressed diagnosis Continuous Interval Scale (equal intervals) Temperature, money, days Continuous Ordinal Rank ordered – Likert Scales

Types of Research Questions Descriptive Describe what a phenomenon is like: Collect/Categorize Information - Survey Difference Compare: Between-groups Independent variable: categorical and status or experimental Correlation Extent to which 2 or more continuous psychological constructs vary together

Analyses: Descriptive Collect/Categorize Information - Survey Means, SD Mean score in standardized Math test by gender groups Proportions of populations/groups Percentage of high school graduates who attend college, by ethnic group, Proportion of males vs. females who score above 16 in CDC Depression Scale (e.g. epidemiological studies) Sample must be representative of population

Stat. Analyses: Difference Questions Compare means in a continuous variable (DV) between two or more groups (IV) (hypothesis) There is a rational for the comparison Otherwise it is a descriptive study Analysis t-test, ANOVA (when IV has more than 2 levels – e.g. , 4 ethnic groups; 3 diagnostic levels) (we check the means and F statistic for significance)

Stat. Analyses: Difference Questions Experimental- DV is categorical and manipulated Differences in depression between CBT treatment group, IPT treatment group and wait-list group Non-experimental- DV is categorical and status variable (not manipulated) Differences in PTSD symptoms between students with and without childhood experiences of abuse Descriptive Q. vs. Difference Q. --  Hypothesis

Difference Questions: Factorial Designs Examine the independent and interactive effect (association) of two or more IVs on a DV IV – Manipulated Effect vs. Status Association Factorial ANOVA ---- (2X2) or (2X3) or (2x2x2) Differences in Means F statistics

Means in Post Test Parental Skills Scales 2X2 ANOVA with Moderation (Dep at Pre-test) DV- Post-Test Depression score IV DV Means in Post Test Parental Skills Scales F statistic (parameter) Treatment CBT vs. IPT Experimental or Status IV? Main Effect Level of Dep. at pre-test Treatment X Dep at Pre-test compare means Treatment Groups for separately for high versus low pre-T Dep groups Interaction Effect

Survey Design Expo-Facto Design Document nature or frequency of a variable Association of status variable(s) to continuous variable(s) Descriptive: No theoretical or logical rational needed Provides rational for examining difference Test Hypotheses Probability (representative) samples required More tolerant of convenience samples

Designs, Variables, Parameters Experimental Between Groups -- Within Groups Post-test only --- Pre-test/post-test Factorial Designs Experimental or Expo- facto Correlational Variables: Manipulated/Status Categorical Continuous Parameters T test ANOVA: Means F statistic Regression: Correlation , R2, R2

Design: IV(s) Type: DV(s) Type: Analyses Stat. Parameter Adolescent who classified mother parenting style as authoritative would report higher levels of satisfaction that those who classified their parents style as authoritarian. They expected no gender differences in levels of satisfaction. Design: IV(s) Type: DV(s) Type: Analyses Stat. Parameter

Design: Expo-Facto; Factorial Adolescents who classified mothers’ parenting style as authoritative would report higher levels of satisfaction that those who classified mothers’ parenting style as authoritarian. No gender differences in satisfaction expected. Design: Expo-Facto; Factorial IV(s): Parenting Style Type: Categorical; Status Gender Categorical: Status DV(s) Satisfaction Type: Continuous Analyses: ANOVA (2X2) Stat. Parameter: Means, F Statistic

Design: Expo-Facto; Factorial Adolescent girls who classified mothers’ parenting style as authoritative would report higher levels of satisfaction that those who classified their mothers as authoritarian. No differences in levels of satisfaction expected for boys. Design: Expo-Facto; Factorial IV(s): Parenting Style Type: Categorical; Status Gender Categorical; Status P Style X Gender Categorical DV(s) Satisfaction Type: Continuous Analyses: ANOVA (2X2) Stat. Parameter: Means, F Statistic

Design: IV(s) Type: DV(s) Type: Analyses Stat. Parameter Researchers examined the unique and combined contribution of extent of experiences of childhood abuse, post-combat PTSD symptoms, and level of conflicts interpersonal relations (CIPR) to suicidal ideation among veterans who had been exposed to combat in active duty. Design: IV(s) Type: DV(s) Type: Analyses Stat. Parameter

Design: Correlational IV(s): Ch. Abuse Type: Continuous; Status Researchers examined the unique and combined contribution of extent of experiences of childhood abuse, post-combat PTSD symptoms, and level of conflicts interpersonal relations (CIPR) to suicidal ideation among veterans who had been exposed to combat in active duty. Design: Correlational IV(s): Ch. Abuse Type: Continuous; Status PTSD S Continuous; Status CIPR Continuous; Status DV(s) Suicidal Id. Type: Continuous Analyses: Simultaneous Regression Stat. Parameter: , R2

Design: IV(s) Type: DV(s) Type: Analyses Stat. Parameter Researchers compared effectiveness of CBT to IPT among 20 male and 20 female veterans. They hypothesized that CBT would be more effective for males while IPT would be more effective for females. Design: IV(s) Type: DV(s) Type: Analyses Stat. Parameter

Design: Experimental; Factorial (1 IV Status): Bw Groups; Researchers compared effectiveness of CBT to IPT among 20 male and 20 female veterans. They hypothesized that CBT would be more effective for males while IPT would be more effective for females. Design: Experimental; Factorial (1 IV Status): Bw Groups; Pre-test/Post-test IV(s): Treatment Type: Categorical Experimental Gender Categorical Statutes Treat. X Gender Categorical DV(s) Depression Type: Continuous Analyses: ANOVA (2X2) Stat. Parameter: Means, F Statistic