The 3 basic techniques used today to create products are:  S elective breeding  Inbreeding  Hybridization

Selective breeding is the process of breeding plants and animals for particular traits. How is selective breeding implmented? The differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits is attributed to improved survival or reproductive ability.

Example of selective breeding This Chihuahua and Great Dane show the wide range of dog breed sizes created using artificial selection

Example of selective breeding Cows with big udders are good for us, but are probably painful for the cow.

Selective Breeding Comparison Advantages Disadvantages Rules out weakness Can produce fitter, stronger animals Better quality Decreased variety serious moral questions Causes protests

Selective breeding photos Advantage Strength Disadvantage Moral issue

Inbreeding is the reproduction from the mating of two genetically related parents. Inbreeding results in increased homozygosity, which can increase the chances of offspring being affected by recessive traits.

Example of inbreeding Can cause mutations

Inbreeding makes dogs diseased and deformed Example of inbreeding

Inbreeding can have drastic results

Inbreeding comparison Advantages Disadvantages Increased probability that the two copies of any given gene will be identical. Ensure rulers are within same family bloodlines. Increased genetic disorders Facial abnormalities Lower birth rates Higher infant mortality Slower growth rate Smaller adult size Compromised immune system

Inbreeding photos Advantage – family ruler Disadvantage – low birth weight

Hybridization is offspring resulting from the mating of two distinctly homozygous individuals Hybrid flower example

Example of hybridization Hybrids are produced and selected because they have desirable characteristics not found in the parent individuals or populations.

Hybrid example How we make hybrid peppers

Hybrid example Ant and zebra?

Hybridization Comparison Advantages Disadvantages Higher yields Larger flowers, fruit More adapted to new conditions Disease resistant Producing a hybrid seed is more time consuming and expensive because the plants must be hand pollinated May take many years to find the desirable traits Potential desirable qualities lost Extinction of old plants

Advantage/disadvantage photos of hybridization Hybrid seeds are achieved by cross-pollination by hand Hybridization can be time consuming

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