HSLA Review Packet

Basic Chemistry An atom is a basic chemical building block of matter. An atom consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Particle Charge Location Proton PositiveIn nucleus Neutron Neutral nucleus Electron negativeOrbits the nucleus

Which particles determine the mass of an atom? The number of protons plus the number of neutrons Which particle refers to the atomic number for an element? Protons

4. Identify the atomic number and the atomic mass for this element. atomic number _1_ atomic mass __1.0079_ Hydrogen 1 H H

Measuring Matter 1. How is density calculated? Density = mass/volume 2. What is the density of an object with a volume of 15cm3 and a mass of 45g? 3.0 g/cm3 3. What is the density of an object with a volume of 30cm3 and a mass of 60 g? 2.0 g/cm3 4. What is the density of an object with a volume of 30 cm3 and a mass of 25g? 0.83 g/cm3

5. Use the densities to describe the placement of each of these objects in a container of water (the density of water is 1.0 g/cm3). The object with a density of 0.83 g/cm3 will float in water; the other two objects will sink in the container.

Structure of the Interior of Earth The Earth's interior consists of rock and metal. It is made up of four main layers. Describe each layer in terms of temperature, composition, and thickness.

Layer of the Earth TemperatureCompositionThickness Inner Core6600 CSolid Nickel and iron 5200 – 6400 km Outer Core5500 CLiquid nickel and iron 2900 – 5200 km Mantle1500 – 5000 CSilicon and oxygen 670 – 2900 km CrustSurface temperatures – 1000 C Mostly silicon and oxygen 35 km

The crust and the mantle can be divided into the lithosphere and asthenosphere. Describe each of these layers.

LayerDescriptionCrust, Mantle, or Both Physical State Lithosphereoutermost layer Crust and mantle solid AsthenosphereLayer beneath the lithosphere Part of the lower mantle Soft solid; has plasticity

Minerals What is a mineral? a solid with a crystalline structure that is naturally occurring, with a defined chemical composition.solidcrystalline

1.Use the table below to describe the properties of minerals. PropertyDescriptionExamples ColorMost easily observed, but the least useful Pink, grey, green, blue LusterThe way light is reflected from a newly exposed surface Metallic or nonmetallic(glassy, pearly, waxy) StreakThe color of the mineral in the powder form Pink, grey, dark colored, no streak Crystal StructurePattern of a mineral controlled by the arrangement of atoms Hexagonal, cubic, HardnessThe ability of one mineral to scratch another; the softer mineral gets scratched Talc – 1.0 Feldspar – 6.0 Diamond – 10.0 Cleavage or Fracture The surface displayed when a mineral breaks Smooth/flat surface Rough/irregular surface AcidityThe concentration of acid in a mineral High acidity = calcite MagnetismThe force exerted by a magnetic field Strong attraction = high iron content

ClassDescriptionExample and Formula SilicatesMost common mineral group; contains silicon and oxygen Talc - (Mg,Fe) 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 CarbonatesContains a carbonate group (CO 3 ). Calcite (CaCO 3 ) Oxides consist of oxygen and another element (H 2 O) and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) Sulfides Contain sulfur ionsPyrite, FeS 2 or “fool’s gold”FeS Sulfates Contain a sulfate group (SO 4 )Anhydrite CaSO 4 Halides Contain a “salt” ion such as Na, Cl, or F Halite (NaCl) Native Element s Minerals that exist in pure elemental form gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu)

1. Minerals can also be classified according to color. Which minerals are silicates that are low in iron and magnesium and light in color? Felsic 2. Give an example of the type of mineral described in number 4 and write the chemical formula. Quartz (SiO2) 3. Which minerals are silicates that contain higher levels of iron and/or magnesium and are dark-colored? Mafic

4. Give an example of the type of mineral described in number 6 and write the chemical formula. Olivine ((Fe, Mg)2SiO4) 5. According to the table, which mineral is capable of scratching garnet? Corundum

Rocks What is a rock? A mixture of minerals, mineraloids, glass, or organic matter

RockHow it Forms IgneousMelting, cooling, and solidification of magma MetamorphicHeat, pressure, and crystallization SedimentaryCompaction and cementation

Draw a diagram of the rock cycle below. Use the terms in #3 in your diagram to show the processes that form rocks.

Physical Weatheringbreakdown of rocks and minerals by a mechanical process. Freezing and thawing of water, plant growth, actions of animals, friction Chemical Weatheringchemical change that results in the decomposition of rocks and minerals. Chemical reactions: oxygen, water, carbonic acid

2. Which is an example of chemical weathering? –Ice wedging –Oxidation –Plant growth

3. What is metamorphism? the changes in the composition and/or texture of a rock that result from increasing pressure and/or temperature. 4. What are two types of metamorphism? Describe each. Contact metamorphism occurs when rocks come in contact with a heat source. Regional metamorphism occurs when a large area of rock undergoes increased temperatures and pressure.

3. What type of metamorphism is described in this example? Marble is created from limestone that has been subjected to heat from an igneous intrusion. 4. What are factors that increase the rate of weathering? Higher temperatures, increased water flow, increased surface area

3. Sedimentary rocks form from sediment. Explain how sediments are deposited along the bottom of an ocean floor according to size. The largest sediments are deposited near the shore. Increasingly smaller sediments settle out farther from the shore where the water is calmer.

RockHow it Forms IgneousMelting, cooling, and solidification of magma MetamorphicHeat, pressure, and crystallization SedimentaryCompaction and cementation

2. How does the cooling rate of an igneous rock affect its’ texture? Give and example of a rock with slow cooling rate and fast cooling rate. Quick cooling = fine grains (pumice)/slow cooling = coarse grains (granite)

2. Describe the texture of a foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rock. Foliated metamorphic rocks have layers or bands of crystals (gneiss/slate). Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks do not have layers or bands of crystals and are usually more uniform (marble/quartzite)

Weathering 1. What is weathering? The process that breaks rocks down into smaller particles

Weathering TypeDescriptionCauses