Lecture 20 Earth's Interior and Geophysical Properties.

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Presentation transcript:

Lecture 20 Earth's Interior and Geophysical Properties

Lecture Outline IEarth's Internal Structure A)The Crust B)The Mantle C)The Core i.Composition ii.Core-Mantle Boundary IIIsostasy IIIEarth's Gravity IVEarth's Magnetic Field A)Magnetic Reversals B)Magnetic Anomalies VHeat Within the Earth VIConclusions Lecture 20 i

Geophysics photo by John Galetzka, USGS geophysics: the branch of earth science which employs physical measurements and mathematical models to explore and analyze the structure and dynamics of the solid Earth and other bodies and their fluid envelopes

Controls on Seismic Wave Velocity pressure state of matter composition of matter

Controls on Seismic Wave Velocity Pressure

Controls on Seismic Wave Velocity Composition Material V p (ms -1 ) Density (gcm -3 ) Salt Quartz Calcite Dolomite Siderite Pyrite

Controls on Seismic Wave Velocity State of Matter

Earth's Internal Structure crust mantle core

Earth's Internal Structure The Crust Mohorovicic Discontinuity (Moho)

Earth's Internal Structure Crustal Thickness

Earth's Internal Structure Crustal Thickness (United States)

Earth's Internal Structure The Composition of the Crust

Earth's Internal Structure The Mantle

Mantle is Solid (S waves propagate) Mantle is Rigid (seismic waves propagate) Mantle is Fluid (convection cells present)

Earth's Internal Structure The Composition of the Mantle Hofman Hart and Zindler Hutchinson Mason SiO MgO FeO Al 2 O CaO

Earth's Internal Structure The Core Size: radius 3480 km (1/2 Earth) volume 1/8 Earth mass 1/3 Earth Properties: density10-13 g/cm 3 pressure GPa temperature5500±1500 K stateliquid-solid

Earth's Internal Structure Composition of the Core  Iron  Nickel ~ 4%  Light Element (O or S) 10% by mass

Earth's Internal Structure Major Discontinuities crust/mantle - the MOHO inside mantle (400 km and 670 km) mantle/outer core (CMB) outer/inner core (ICB)

Earth's Internal Structure Major Discontinuities - The Moho

Earth's Internal Structure The Core-Mantle Boundary  MAJOR Discontinuity  S-waves blocked by liquid outer core

Isostasy the condition of equilibrium, comparable to floating, of the units of the lithosphere above the asthenosphere.

Isostasy

Isostastic Adjustment erosion and deposition glacial rebound crustal thickening

Isostastic Adjustment Erosion and Deposition

Isostastic Adjustment Glacial Rebound

Isostastic Adjustment Crustal Thickening

Gravity gravity: the attraction between two masses, such as the Earth and an object on its surface. Commonly referred to as the acceleration of gravity (g).

Gravity

Gravity Anomaly

Earth's Magnetic Field

Rock Magnetism

Earth's Magnetic Field

Heat within the Earth

Sources of Earth's Heat Pressure Sunlight Radioactive Decay Primordial Heat

Redistribution of Earth's Heat Radiation Conduction Convection

Redistribution of Earth's Heat Conduction

Redistribution of Earth's Heat Convection

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