Mineral Vocabulary Luster Mohs hardness scale Mineralogist Streak Fluorescence Density Refraction Cleavage Inorganic Mineral Silicate mineral Non-silicate mineral Crystal Hardness Rock forming mineral

Minerals (Chpt.5) Objectives: Classify the characteristics of a mineral Distinguish between the two classes of minerals. Identify common physical properties used to I.D. minerals.

Minerals (Chpt.5) Identify 4 characteristics used to classify some rocks as minerals? Identify and distinguish between the two main classes of minerals.

What is a Mineral? Natural, inorganic, crystalline solid that has a definite chemical composition.. Natural: NOT manufactured or man-made Inorganic: NOT composed of carbon atoms; usually means not composed of living matter or the remains of living matter. Crystalline solid: atoms (solid state) arrange in a repeated pattern. (distinct shapes) Definite chemical make-up: chemical make- up is always the same for the mineral.

Mineral statistics More than 4,000 known minerals 8 elements make-up 98.5% of the crust OxygenSilicon AluminumIron CalciumSodium PotassiumMagnesium

Classification of Minerals Minerals are classified into two main groups based on their chemical make-up. Identify and distinguish between the two main groups of minerals. (chpt. 5)

Minerals (5/6) Infinite Campus Update: Volcano Quiz(27pts.)-missing if not turned in. Volcano Exam (44pts.) Supervolcano summary from article (10pts.) Volcano Text qts. (5pts.) Volcano Review Sheet (10pts.) Objectives: Review characteristics and classes of minerals Identify and discuss physical properties of minerals. Homework: Mineral Worksheet

Minerals (Chpt.5) Identify 4 characteristics used to classify some rocks as minerals? Identify and distinguish between the two main classes of minerals.

Classification of Minerals Minerals are classified into two main groups based on chemical composition: 1. Silicate Minerals 2. Non-Silicate Minerals

Composition of Minerals A.Silicate Minerals –All contain silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) atoms. –Most contain at least one other element. –Make-up 96% of the Earth’s crust –50% of the crust is made of Feldspar & Quartz –Feldspar are the most common

Common Feldspar ( compounds composed of Si, Al, and O atoms) Albite Oligoclase Orthoclase Anorthite

Quartz ( compounds composed of Si and O atoms) Rose Quartz Smokey Quartz Milky Quartz Chalcedony

Phosphate Class (compounds composed of Si, P, O atoms) Apatite Turquoise Anapaite

Other Silicates Olivine Topaz Leucite Biotite

Non-silicate Minerals: Does not contain Silicon (Si) or Oxygen (O). Composed of 4% of the Earth’s crust Classified into 6 groups

Native Elements class Composition: Atoms of the same element. They are simple in structure. (atoms) Metallic properties. Located on the Periodic Table. GoldCopper Silver Lead

Oxides Class compounds composed of O and metal ions Large diversity of color to black Contain a large quantity of oxygen Metallic and nonmetallic minerals

Sulfides (compounds composed of S and metal ion) Galena compound:Pb and S mine-engineer.com Stibnite compound: Sb and S galleries.com

Identifying Minerals Who studies minerals? Physical and chemical characteristics used to identify minerals: Common Physical Characteristics –ColorDensity –LusterFluorescence –StreakHardness –Cleavage and FractureMagnetism –RefractionCrystal Shape

Some have very bright colors Dependent upon the elements making up the mineral. Not a reliable I.D., because some minerals can have the same color. Color of Minerals

Minerals Colors Example of elements that can give minerals their unique colors. green = barium reds = strontium blues = copper yellows = sodium These are common metals used in fireworks.

Streak Color of the mineral in its powdered form Observe this by rubbing a mineral against an unglazed piece of ceramic tile.

STREAK

Luster Light reflected from the surface of a mineral Will metals or non-metals have better luster?

Cleavage vs. Fracture Cleavage: Splits easily along a flat plane surface. It’s related to the mineral’s chemical make-up and arrangement. Fracture: Breaks or fractures at random places on the mineral.

Cleavage vs. Fracture geology.csupomona.edu

Crystalline Shapes

Earth Science (5/7) Objectives: Identify and discuss physical properties of minerals. Apply physical properties to several minerals in the lab. Set-up borax solution for crystallization.

Density mass to volume ratio of a substance Minerals can have different densities. A mineral’s density is due to its chemical make- up. Very useful measurement for I.D. a crystal.

Specific Gravity Compares the mineral’s density with water’s density. Ratio of the mineral’s density vs. water’s density. Ex. Talc density = 1.75g/cm 3 H 2 O density = 1g/cm 3 Determine if the mineral would sink or float if it had the following specific gravities. Specific Gravity > 1 Specific Gravity <1 Specific Gravity = 1

Fluorescence The light from ultraviolet lamps reacts with some mineral’s chemical make-up and causes the mineral to glow. Fluorite under UV light

Phosphorescence Some minerals will continue to glow after the ultraviolet light has been turned off.

Refraction The bending of light by minerals.

Magnetism Some minerals have a positive or negative attraction toward magnets.

Hardness Ability of a mineral to resist scratching. Use Moh’s Hardness Scale to determine hardness of a mineral. Scale Range: 1 softest – 10 hardest

Examples of Moh’s Scale –your fingernail has a hardness of 2.5 –a penny has a hardness of about 3.5 –glass and a steel nail have nearly equal hardnesses of 5.5 –a streak plate has a hardness of 6.5.

Minerals on Moh’s Scale –1 = Talc –2 = Gypsum –3 = Calcite –4 = Fluorite –5 = Apatite (fluorapatite) –6 = Orthoclase –7 = Quartz –8 = Topaz –9 = Corundum –10 = Diamond

Earth Science (5/8) Objectives: Analyze crystal structures in the lab. Research applications of minerals on the internet.

Earth Science (5/9) Infinite Campus Update: Physical Properties Lab (20pts.) Minerals Worksheets (15pts.)-due today Objectives: Mineral Quiz-open notes Research mineral application –library Introduction to Pterology

What are applications of minerals?

Uses of Minerals art Jewelry (gems) money tools fertilizer fireworks quartz gypsum

Fireworks! visitvortex.com The specific colors produced by fireworks are produced by specific minerals. Examples: green = barium reds = strontium blues = copper yellows = sodium gold = hemotite (iron)

MonthBirthstone JanuaryGarnet FebruaryAmethyst MarchAquamarine AprilDiamond MayEmerald JunePearl JulyRuby AugustPeridot SeptemberSapphire OctoberOpal NovemberTopaz DecemberTurquoise turquoise

Gemstone distribution