An Analysis of The Perceived Competencies of Sports Managers in Taiwan Ling-Mei Ko Professor Ian Henry Centre of Olympic Studies & Research

Structure of the Presentation Introduction ─ The Definition of Competency ─ The development of competency-based approach in sports management ─ Research purpose Research Methods Findings and Discussion Conclusion

Introduction The Definition of Competency “Competencies are the combination of knowledge, skills, abilities, and personal traits which are utilized to perform a variety of activities and behaviours effectively.” The Development of Competency-Based Approach in Sports Management ─ The purpose is to identify the body of required competencies for a sports manager which could be used for education and training purpose.

Introduction Research Purpose ─ To develop a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate the perceptions of sports managers and academics of the importance of competencies of sports managers in Taiwan.

Research Methods The Steps of Research 1. Hypothesis Formulation 2. Instrument Development 3. Sample Selection 4. Data Collection 5. Data Analysis 6. Discussions, Implications and Conclusions

Research Hypothesis ─ It is believed that neither practitioners nor academics, working alone, can shape the field of sports management. ─ Hypothesis: “ There is no significant difference between sports managers and academics in terms of their perceptions of which competencies are critical to managerial effectiveness. ” 1. Hypothesis Formulation 2. Instrument Development 3. Sample Selection 4. Data Collection 5. Data Analysis 6. Discussions, Implications and Conclusions Research Methods

Instrument Development ─ Part 1: Competency ─ Part 2: Demographic Information 1. Systematic Review 3. Delphi Method 2. Taiwan Sports Management Curricula Analysis No.CompetencyImportance of this competency 1To understand financial statements and prepare financial reports Hypothesis Formulation 2. Instrument Development 3. Sample Selection 4. Data Collection 5. Data Analysis 6. Discussions, Implications and Conclusions 74 Items70 Items Research Methods 4 Items

Sample Selection ─ A total size of the sample is sports management academics. 650 sports managers from sports services industry Data Collection ─ 800 surveys were sent out during October, ─ Two follow-ups The first one was made 14 days following the initial mail-out. The second one was made three weeks after the initial mailing. ─ The data collection was concluded on 31 December, Hypothesis Formulation 2. Instrument Development 3. Sample Selection 6. Discussions, Implications and Conclusions Research Methods 5. Data Analysis 3. Sample Selection 4. Data Collection

Procedure and Purpose Finding out Group Differences in which Factors Analysis of Response Rate and Sample Frame Convergent Validity Analysis of Competencies Reliability Analysis of Each Factor Testing of the Hypotheses Analysis of Importance of Competencies Applied Methods (tools) Descriptive Statistics (SPSS 13.0) Factor Analysis (SPSS 13.0) Cronbach’s α (SPSS 13.0) Descriptive Statistics (SPSS 13.0) One- Way MANOVA Analysis (SPSS 13.0) One-Way ANOVA Analysis (SPSS 13.0)

MailedValid Response Valid Response Rate Academics % Practitioners % Total % Findings and Discussion Response Rate

Findings and Discussion Agency Setting

Findings and Discussion Finding 1 ─ The perceptions of critical competencies to the successful conducting of a sports manager's job have been identified. An eleven-factor competency model for sports managers which consisted of 54 competencies was proposed from factor analysis.

Findings and Discussion Factor Variables No. of Items % of Variance Cumulative % Cronbach’s α F 1Management Techniques F 2Sports-Related Theory and Foundations F 3Service Provision and Development F 4Foreign Language and Learning Ability F 5Leadership F 6Finance, Economics and Analytic Abilities F 7Communication F 8Political Awareness F 9Accounting and Risk Management F 10Information Technology F 11Management Theory and Knowledge Management

RankFactor Variables Mean Value SD 1F 1Management Techniques F 5Leadership F 4Foreign Language and Learning Ability F 7Communication F 11Management Theory and Knowledge Management F 3Service Provision and Development F 10Information Technology F 9Accounting and Risk Management F 6Finance, Economics and Analytic Abilities F 2Sports-Related Theory and Foundations F 8Political Awareness point Likert Scale: 1 (not important at all) – 7 (extremely important) Findings and Discussion

Finding 2 ─ The perceptional difference between sports managers and academics on the importance of which competencies are critical to managerial effectiveness has been found. The perceptional difference has been found in the test of One-Way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and One-Way ANOVA. Findings and Discussion

Effect Wilks’ Lambda F statistics Significant Academic and Practitioner Groups ** Findings and Discussion One-Way MANOVA for the Overall Difference between Academics and Practitioners **P < 0.01

One-way ANOVA for the Differences between Groups in Each Factor Factor Variables AcademicsPractitioners Sig. RankMeanSDRankMeanSD F1 Management Techniques n.s. F2 Sports Related Theory and Foundations n.s. F3 Service Provision and Development * F4 Foreign Language and Learning Ability *** F5 Leadership n.s. F6 Finance, Economics and Analytic Abilities n.s. F7 Communication n.s. F8 Political Awareness ** F9 Accounting and Risk Management * F10 Information Technology n.s. F11 Management Theory and Knowledge Management * 7-point Likert Scale: 1 (not important at all) – 7 (extremely important) ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05; n.s.= non significant

Finding 3 ─ Although the perceptional difference between 2 groups on the important competencies has been found, the difference is slight. The results only reported different degrees of agreement of the importance for all competencies. Findings and Discussion

Conclusion The main contribution of this paper lies in the identification of perceptions of critical competencies of a successful sports manager. The findings of this study have several significant implications for both academics and practitioners. ─ Academics To design curriculum or to modify the existing curricula in a more integrated and competency-based educational programme. ─ Practitioners As a guideline in recruiting competent sports managers, evaluating performance of employees, and training.

Thank you!