Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit U nit 3- Mitigation Measures by Type of Disaster

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 2 Earthquakes Location of Earthquakes

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 3 Typical earthquake hazards:  Lateral and vertical ground motions  Displacements  Soil Settlement/Liquefaction  Secondary effects Earthquakes

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 4 Ground Motions (Shear and Overturning) Earthquake Hazards

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 5 Displacements (Gravity Effects) Earthquake Hazards

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 6 Soil Settlement/ Liquefaction Earthquake Hazards

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 7 Secondary Effects (landslides, tsunamis) Earthquake Hazards

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 8 Earthquake Mitigation - Buildings Most commonly damaged facilities in earthquakes Most commonly damaged facilities in earthquakes Commonly damaged components Commonly damaged components  Structural Building Elements  Non-Structural Building Elements  Building Utility Systems  Building Contents

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 9 Earthquake Mitigation – Structural Building Elements Typically damaged by Typically damaged by  Deficient Wall Bracing  Weak Floor/Roof Systems  Weak Connections  Soft Story Condition  Lack of Reinforcement/Confinement  Poor Seismic Response

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 10 Scenario: Scenario:  The county warehouse, an un-reinforced masonry building, suffered earthquake damage to its load-bearing outer walls. Determine possible mitigation measures Determine possible mitigation measures Earthquake Mitigation – Structural Building Elements

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 11 Mitigation for Deficient Wall Bracing Mitigation for Deficient Wall Bracing  Reinforce with shear walls, cross bracing  Brace long walls with crosswalls  Brace cripple walls Earthquake Mitigation – Structural Building Elements

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 12 Typically damaged by Typically damaged by  Deficient Bracing of Exterior Elements  Poor Anchorage of Interior Elements Earthquake Mitigation – Non- Structural Building Elements

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 13 Mitigation for Deficient Bracing of Exterior Elements Mitigation for Deficient Bracing of Exterior Elements  Brace parapets  Anchor cornices  Brace/support chimneys  Secure wall panel anchors  Brace large windows  Strengthen window glass Earthquake Mitigation – Non- Structural Building Elements

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 14 Mitigation for Poor Anchorage of Interior Elements Mitigation for Poor Anchorage of Interior Elements  Secure suspended ceilings  Secure overhead/ pendant lighting fixtures  Brace interior partitions  Anchor raised computer floors Earthquake Mitigation – Non- Structural Building Elements

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 15 Typically damaged by Typically damaged by  Poor Anchorage of Equipment  Improper Connections Earthquake Mitigation – Building Utility Systems

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 16 Mitigation for Poor Anchorage of Equipment Mitigation for Poor Anchorage of Equipment  Anchor heavy equipment  Secure propane tanks/gas cylinders  Secure elevator counterweights  Install elevator seismic cutoff system Earthquake Mitigation – Building Utility Systems

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 17 Mitigation for Improper Connections Mitigation for Improper Connections  Brace overhead utility pipes  Secure HVAC ducts  Install flexible connections, shutoff valves Earthquake Mitigation – Building Utility Systems

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 18 Typically damaged by Typically damaged by  Movement of Furnishings Earthquake Mitigation – Contents

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 19 Mitigation for Movement of Furnishings Mitigation for Movement of Furnishings  Restrain desktop computers & equipment  Secure hazardous materials  Anchor automated filing systems  Secure miscellaneous furnishings Earthquake Mitigation – Contents

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 20 Typically damaged by Typically damaged by  Poor Equipment Anchorage/Stability  Soil Movement/Settlement  Shaking of Tank Structures Earthquake Mitigation – Utilities

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 21 Scenario: Scenario:  Soil settlement as the result of an earthquake ruptured the city’s 24-inch underground water main. Determine possible mitigation measures Determine possible mitigation measures Earthquake Mitigation – Utilities

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 22 Mitigation for Soil Movement/ Settlement Mitigation for Soil Movement/ Settlement  Install expansion joints  Restrain pipes  Improve pipe materials Earthquake Mitigation – Utilities

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 23 Typically damaged by Typically damaged by  Pier Failure  Slab Failure  Span Failure  Cap Beam Failure Focus on highway bridges Focus on highway bridges Earthquake Mitigation – Bridges

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 24 Scenario: Scenario:  A two-span county bridge was damaged when earthquake shaking caused one of the spans to fall off the center pier. Determine possible mitigation measures Determine possible mitigation measures Earthquake Mitigation – Bridges

Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 3E - 25 Mitigation for Span Failure Mitigation for Span Failure  Add cable restrainers  Construct shear blocks  Install diaphragms to brace spans  Extend bearing seats  Add lock-up devices to joints  Add isolation bearings  Eliminate simply supported spans Earthquake Mitigation – Bridges