JAY ANTHONY R. NUÑEZ NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS

OBJECTIVES Upon completion of the FINAL TERM, the students should be able to: define a network, different kinds of network and devices, and the components of a network and their functions. create and assemble straight-through and cross-over cables. define Internet and its differences to the other kinds of network. build a Peer-to-Peer Cable Network. ICT

OBJECTIVES (cont.) Upon completion of the FINAL TERM, the students should be able to: demonstrate sharing of information or data through the use of network. list procedures to install and troubleshoot network interface cards (NICs) and modems. explain the functions of network and Information and Communications Technology in a safe, secure and efficient marine navigation. ICT

CONTENT Introduction to Networks Types of Network Network Architecture and Devices Network Cabling and Topology Internet and the World Wide Web Network Installation and Troubleshooting ICT

What is a Network? A combination of computer hardware, cabling, network devices, and computer software used together to allow computers to communicate with each other. A network consists of 2 or more computers connected together, and they can communicate and share resources. (e.g. hardware, software, information)

The Goal of a Network To allow multiple computers to communicate. Communication might be: a download of an MP3 audio file for your MP3 player checking the latest sports scores using an instant-messaging service, such as Viber sending text messages to a friend writing an and sending it to a business associate. chatting on facebook or skype

Benefits of a Network Information sharing: Authorized users can use other computers on the network to access and share information or data. This could include special group projects, databases, etc. Hardware sharing : One device connected to a network, such as a printer or scanner, can be shared by many users.

Benefits of a Network (cont.) Software sharing: Instead of purchasing and installing a software program on each computer, it can be installed on the server. All of the users can then access the program from a single location. Collaborative environment: Users can work together on group projects by combining the power and capabilities of diverse equipment. centralized administration and support

A Simple Network A printer shared by 4 personal computers.

Risks of Network Computing The security of a computer network is challenged everyday by: E quipment malfunctions System failures Note: equipment malfunctions and system failures may be caused by natural disasters such as floods, storms, or fires, and electrical disturbances Computer hackers Virus attacks

Network Architecture Refers to the logical and structural layout or the complete framework of an organization's computer network Consisting of the hardware, software, connectivity, communication protocols and mode of transmission, such as wired or wireless Provides the detail overview of a network

Few terms related to Network Workstation or Nodes Refers to a computer that are attached to a network. Server - The master computer - Facilitates the sharing of data, software and hardware concepts.

Components of a Network Peripherals Shared peripheral devices do not communicate directly on the network. Instead, peripherals rely on their connected host to perform all network operations. Examples : cameras, scanners, and locally attached printers

Components of a Network Hosts Hosts send and receive user traffic. A host is a generic name for most end-user devices. A host has an IP network address. Examples: personal computers and network attached printers

Components of a Network Network Devices Networking devices connect other devices, mainly hosts. These devices move and control network traffic. Examples: hubs, switches, and routers.

Components of a Network Network Media Network media provides connections between hosts and network devices. Network media can be wired, such as copper and fiber optic or use wireless technologies.

Network Hardware and Software Switch small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN).

Network Hardware and Software RJ-45 Connector Register Jack 45 is an 8 wire connector which is commonly used to connect computers on LAN

Network Hardware and Software Hub connects computers together in a star topology network.

Network Hardware and Software Repeater an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation.

Network Hardware and Software Modem (MOdulator-DEModulator) an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or from a computer via telephone or other communication lines.

Network Hardware and Software NIC (Network Interface Card) is a computer hardware component designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network.

Network Hardware and Software Media converters simple networking devices that make it possible to connect two dissimilar media types such as twisted pair with fiber optic cabling.

Network Hardware and Software Wireless Access Point a device that allows wireless communication devices to connect to a wireless network using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or related standards.

Network Hardware and Software Firewall a part of a computer system or network that is designed to block unauthorized access while permitting outward communication.

Kinds of Networks Depending on one’s perspective, we can classify networks in different ways. Based on transmission media: Wired (UTP, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables) and Wireless Based on network size: LAN and WAN Based on management method: Peer-to-peer and Client/Server Based on topology (connectivity): Bus, Star, Ring

Kinds of Networks (Trans Media) Two main categories:  Guided ― wires, cables  Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio, microwave, infrared, sound We will concentrate on guided media here:  Twisted-Pair cables:  Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables  Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables  Coaxial cables  Fiber-optic cables

If the pair of wires are not twisted, electromagnetic noises from, e.g., motors, will affect the closer wire more than the further one, thereby causing errors Twisted Pair Cables

Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover (for mechanical protection) A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs of wires. Metal Insulato r Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Categories of UTP Cables EIA classifies UTP cables according to the quality: Category 1 ― the lowest quality, only good for voice, mainly found in very old buildings, not recommended now Category 2 ― good for voice and low data rates (up to 4Mbps for low-speed token ring networks) Category 3 ― at least 3 twists per foot, for up to 10 Mbps (common in phone networks in residential buildings) Category 4 ― up to 16 Mbps (mainly for token rings) Category 5 (or 5e) ― up to 100 Mbps (common for networks targeted for high-speed data communications) Category 6 ― more twists than Cat 5, up to 1 Gbps

Chapter 2: NETWORK CABLING 31 UTP CABLE GRADES CategoryFrequencyPrimary Application 1Up to 0 MHzVoice networks 2Up to 1 MHzVoice and low-speed data networks less than 4 Mbps 3Up to 16 MHzVoice and data networks from 4 to 100 Mbps 4Up to 20 MHz16-Mbps Token Ring 5Up to 100 MHz100-Mbps Fast Ethernet 5eUp to 100 MHz1000-Mbps Gigabit Ethernet 6Up to 250 MHz1000-Mbps Gigabit Ethernet

STRAIGHT THROUGH AND CROSSOVER WIRING Wiring within a twisted pair cable is configured as either  Straight through, where each wire (or pin) is attached to the same contact point at each end.  Crossover, where transmit contacts on each end of the cable are connected to the receive contact at the other end

In general, coaxial cables, or coax, carry signals of higher freq (100KHz–500MHz) than UTP cables. Outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise and as the second conductor that completes the circuit the primary type of cabling used by the cable television industry. Coaxial Cables

Advantages and Disadvantages Noise resistance ― external light is blocked by outer jacket Less signal attenuation ― a signal can run for miles without regeneration (currently, the lowest measured loss is about ~4% or 0.16dB per km) Higher bandwidth ― currently, limits on data rates come from the signal generation/reception technology, not the fiber itself  Cost ― Optical fibers are expensive  Installation/maintenance ― any crack in the core will degrade the signal, and all connections must be perfectly aligned Fiber Optic Cables

Kinds of Networks - LAN (SIZE) Local Area Network (LAN) – a network that spans a small area such as a building or an office.  Software applications and other resources are stored on a file server.  Print servers enable multiple users to share the same printer. Examples: Network inside the Computer Lab Network in your home

Kinds of Networks (Management) Peer to peer Computers connect with each other in a workgroup to share files, printers, and Internet access. This is used to connect a small number of computers. Client/Server sends information from a client computer to a server, which then relays the information back to the client computer, or to other computers on the network

Kinds of Networks - WAN (SIZE) Wide Area Network (WAN) –  A network that uses long-range telecommunication links to connect 2 or more LANs/computers housed in different places far apart.  a network that spans a wide geographical area Towns, states, countries Examples: Network of Ce-C Panglao and Tagbilaran Campus Internet Broadband Cable Network

TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES There are three main local area network (LAN) topologies:  Bus  Star  Ring Other network topologies include:  Mesh  Wireless

BUS TOPOLOGY The bus topology supports thick and thin coaxial segments. Segments are connected by repeaters. The bus topology uses the baseband signaling method. Signals are broadcast in both directions simultaneously. Both ends of each segment require termination to avoid reflection. End systems connect to the segment in a linear manner.

THICK AND THIN COAXIAL BUS

STAR TOPOLOGY The star topology can use coaxial, twisted pair, or fiber optic cable. A central device (hub) connects hubs and nodes to the network.  Each node connects to its own dedicated port on the hub.  Hubs broadcast transmitted signals to all connected devices.

A SIMPLE STAR TOPOLOGY

RING TOPOLOGY The ring topology can use twisted pair or fiber optic cabling. A central device (hub) connects hubs and nodes to the network.  Each node connects to its own dedicated port on the hub.  You can connect multiple hubs to form a larger ring.

44 A RING NETWORK

MESH TOPOLOGY Typically uses fiber optic cabling for redundant wide area network (WAN) links Requires an enormous amount of cable

WIRELESS TOPOLOGY Cell-based technology that uses unbounded media Two wireless topologies:  Ad hoc WLAN (Wireless LAN)  WiFi (Wireless Fidelity)  Infrastructure

AD HOC WLAN

INFRASTRUCTURE WLAN

We have seen how networks are established, but how does data travels in a network?

STRAIGHT-THROUGH AND CROSS-OVER PATCH CABLE Assessment: Patch Cable Construction

Objectives Construct a patch cable following the 568A and 568B standards Explain the difference between the 568A and 568B standards Test a patch cables

Objectives Construct a patch cable following the 568A and 568B standards Explain the difference between the 568A and 568B standards Test a patch cables

Patch Cable Types Straight – through cable uses:  router to a hub  computer to a switch  LAN port to a switch, hub, or computer Crossover Cable uses:  computer to a router  computer to a computer  router to a router  switch to a switch  hub to a hub

Patch Cable Pin Assignments 568A Pin #Color 1Orange/white 2Orange 3Green/white 4Blue 5Blue/white 6Green 7Brown/white 8Brown 568B Pin #Color 1Green/white 2Green 3Orange/white 4Blue 5Blue/white 6Orange 7Brown/white 8Brown

STRAIGHT-THROUGH CROSSOVER 568B 568A 568B Cable Connection

STRAIGHT-THROUGH DIAGRAM 568A

CROSSOVER DIAGRAM 568A 568B

CABLE USAGE ON DIFFERENT DEVICES

Activity Create a straight –through and crossover cable.