Lincoln’s Plan  10% of state’s voters took oath pledging loyalty to Union and emancipation  No vengeance  Pardoned all Southerners, except high ranking Confederates

Wade-Davis Bill  Radical Republicans dissatisfied  Two Republican leaders constructed own plan  Goal: punish Confederate leaders, permanently destroy the South's slave society  Stricter expectations to re-enter the Union  High ranking officers stripped of citizenship  Unsuccessful, but placed wedge within party

13 th Amendment  Abolishes slavery  No compensation for former slave holders  Leads to establishment of Freemen’s Bureau  All-purpose agency  Emergency services to south  40 acres and a mule; program of land distribution  Education improved, literacy jumps from 10% to 30% in 5 years

Andrew Johnson, No Lincoln  Selected as VP because a Southern Democrat loyal to Union  Self made man  Initially spoke of “punishing” ex-confederates  Only Rhetoric  Racist views overpowered all  Lenient policy implemented

Cont…  After all 11 states accepted plan, announced Reconstruction was over  Outraged Republican party  Three Glaring Issues:  Many had failed to accept 13 th Amendment  Dozens of ex-Confederates were being elected to state offices  Creation of Black Codes  Vagrancy

Ending the Slavocracy  If Reconstruction was slowed, opportunities for roots to take hold in south  14 th Amendment, federal government key in individual civil rights  Complex amendment  Natural born citizens given civil rights, equal protection, states denying rights to vote penalized  Johnson on the attack

Cont….  March 1867, Republicans ready to go  South divided in five military districts  New state constitutions drawn up, allowing universal male suffrage  Took two full years after Civil War, but a clear Reconstruction plan in place  Time for Southerners to recover and fight

Johnson Impeached  Johnson dismisses Secretary of War Stanton  Door opened for opponents  Violated the Tenure of Office Act  Proceedings began, but saved by moderate Republicans

Changes in the South  Carpetbaggers: looking for opportunities in the south  Scalawags: southerners who joined Republican party for political gains, viewed as traitors by some  Former slaves made up most of the population  Distinct role in society increasing  Engaged in politics, growing churches, businesses, politics

Reconstruction Under Fire  Charges of mismanagement and corruption flying  Increased taxes bothersome  In reality the charges and tax increases were minimal, enough to create controversy  Grant wins presidency in 1868, tense situation

White Resistance  15 th Amendment, black suffrage required “explicit” constitutional guarantee  Women wanted in on the action, rejected, one thing at a time  KKK on the rise  Use of violence and intimidation  Discouraged African Americans from voting  Grant’s Enforcement Acts in 1870 tries have impact  Mississippi plan: campaign of terror, Grant does not send support

Reconstruction’s End  Panic of 1873, rejection of the Civil Rights Act of 1875, and the election of Rutherford B. Hayes  1877 last federal troops on way out of south