Chapter 14: The Renaissance and Reformation Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North Section 3: The Protestant Reformation Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread Section 5: The Scientific Revolution

Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy The Renaissance, or rebirth, (1300-1500) was a time of change Europeans developed new ideas about the world during this time

Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy The Renaissance began in Italy and spread north into the rest of Europe

Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy The Renaissance was influenced by an intellectual movement known as “humanism” Humanists studied the learning of the ancient Greeks and Romans They hoped that reviving ancient learning would increase knowledge about the present

Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy Leonardo da Vinci Painter, sculptor, inventor, architect, musician, and engineer

Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy Michelangelo Sculptor, engineer, poet, painter, and architect

Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy Raphael Painter Student of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo

Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North

Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North Johann Gutenberg His printing Press caused great changes in Europe Such as: More Europeans learned to read and write Books became cheaper and easier to make People gained knowledge about medicine, geography, and mining Printed Bibles increased the spread of religious ideas

Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North Northern Europe took a long time to recover from the Black Death As a result, the Renaissance did not begin there until the 1400s It slowly spread to Spain, France Germany and England

Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North Like Italian humanists, northern humanists believed education was important and studied the ancient Greeks and Romans However, they also explored religious ideas and believed that learning should change society

Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North Erasmus was a priest who wanted to reform society and the Church He wrote The Praise of Folly which used humor to expose the immoral behavior of society, including the abuses of clergy members Sir Thomas More wrote Utopia in which defined his ideas for an ideal society

Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North The Northern Renaissance produced many talented writers including: William Shakespeare -Producer of 37 plays that are still read and performed today Cervantes Master of Satire, a literary composition, in which human folly and vice are held up to scorn, derision, or ridicule. Best known for writing Don Quixote

Section 3: The Protestant Reformation During the Renaissance the Roman Catholic Church faced serious problems: Some members of the Church took advantage of their positions to make themselves wealthy Although a minority of church officials were ever involved, complaints against these abuses formed the basis of what became the Protestant Reformation

Section 3: The Protestant Reformation The most serious of abuses committed by Catholic clergy were the sale of indulgences Indulgences – forgave a person for his or her sins and allowed entrance into Heaven

Section 3: The Protestant Reformation By the 1500s, many Christians wanted to reform the Church A German Monk, named Martin Luther wrote 95 arguments against indulgences

Section 3: The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther believed that Christians could only reach heaven through faith in God Because of his radical views and outspoken ideas, Luther was excommunicated and declared an outlaw Luther’s actions began what became the Protestant Reformation His followers set up the Lutheran Church They became known as Protestants

Section 3: The Protestant Reformation John Calvin was another important reformer Like Luther, Calvin believed that Christians could reach heaven only through faith and God Calvin also believed that people were born sinners He preached Predestination, the idea that God decided long ago who would go to heaven Calvinism spread to Germany, France, Scotland and England

Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread Throughout Europe, Catholic rulers and the Catholic Church fought back against Protestantism In England, King Henry VIII originally supported the Church However, when the Pope refused to annul, or cancel, his marriage Henry VII and the English Parliament took control of the English Church

Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread Henry then set up the Church of England and called it the Anglican Church This church was identical in nearly every way to the Roman Catholic Church, except that the King took the place of the Pope

Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread The Catholic Counter-Reformation The Roman Catholic Church acknowledged that some of Martin Luther’s complaints were valid The selling of indulgences was stopped Reformers were appointed to key posts to eliminate corruption Those found guilty of corruption were punished and barred from position of authority

Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread The Protestant and Catholic Reformations divided Europe into a Catholic South and a Protestant North Terrible religious wars broke out throughout Europe Both sides tortured and killed those who disagreed with their teachings

Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread The strong religious feeling contributed to a wave of witch hunting Both Catholics and Protestants persecuted and expelled, or drove out, Jews

Section 5: The Scientific Revolution Beginning in the 1500s, new ideas about science changed the way Europeans thought about the world This period was called the Scientific Revolution

Section 5: The Scientific Revolution Since ancient times, people had believed that the Earth was at the center of the universe In the 1500s and 1600s scientists such as Copernicus and Galileo showed that the planets revolved around the sun

Section 5: The Scientific Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentric model of the universe This states that the sun is the center, and that the earth revolves around it Galileo continues Copernicus' work by observing the skies with a homemade telescope

Section 5: The Scientific Revolution At first, these discoveries upset many Europeans However, a new way of thinking about science began to emerge Scientists began to observe the world around them and to develop ideas about why things happened They did experiments to test these ideas

Section 5: The Scientific Revolution This new way of thinking was called the Scientific Method The scientific method uses observation and experimentation to explain theories on the workings of the universe This process allowed scientists to logically find answers through the use of reason This method of research is the basis for modern science

Section 5: The Scientific Revolution Isaac Newton built upon the earlier work of Copernicus and Galileo and used mathematics to describe gravity as the force that keeps planets revolving around the sun He also explained that this same force is what causes objects to fall to earth.

Section 5: The Scientific Revolution The Enlightenment A Scientific “Revolution” was the Enlightenment Political and social scholars began to question the workings of society and government The Enlightenment attempted to explain the purpose of government, and describe the best form of it The most influential Enlightenment thinkers were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Voltaire, Baron de Montesquieu, and Jean Jacques Rousseau.