Printing, Captivity Narratives, and the Puritan Literary Marketplace English 441 Dr. Roggenkamp

Why is history of printing technology and publishing important? “Age of print” coincides with era of discovery, exploration, settlement of “New World” Print a major factor in publicizing “New World” & forming perceptions (stories) about it “Official” history is printed history—story of America Image: Cristofor Co lombo, De insulis in mari Indico nuper inventis, 1494.

Where did books come from in British North America? At first, imported only Phenomenally expensive Printing technology even more expensive First printing press in North America: Mexico (1540) But first English press not until 1638: Cambridge, Mass (Harvard U) FYI: First surviving publication: The Bay Psalm Book, 1640 Image: Whole Books of Psalmes, Cambridge, Mass, 1640

Why is the literature of British North America all about religion? First 25 years of “American” literature (American-printed): hymnals, religious primers, theologies, sermons, almanacs Next press in America not until 1685 in Philadelphia Boston most “bookish” of Colonial cities through Revolution Seat of American literature—sets pace for what is printed in America and what people in America read until mid-nineteenth century

1660s: A First Literary “Boom” New kind of literary marketplace starts to develop 1660s First “best-sellers” in America Prices start to come down slightly Genres: captivity narratives, sensational and vivid jeremiads—both the result of and a contributor to new popular marketplace

First 50 Years of American Best-Sellers Over 1000 copies sold 1662 The Day of Doom (Wigglesworth) 1664 A Call to the Unconverted 1665 A Practice to Piety 1679 A Guide to Heaven 1681 The Pilgrim’s Progress 1682 Captivity and Restoration (Rowlandson) 1688 Essays (Sir Francis Bacon) 1699 God’s Protecting Providence 1707 Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion

Michael Wigglesworth, The Day of Doom (1662) “ Adulterers and Whoremongers Were there, with all unchast: There Covetous, and Revenous, That Riches got too fast: Who us'd vile ways themselves to raise t‘ estates and worldly wealth, Oppression by, or Knavery, By force, or fraud, or stealth.”

Best-sellers! New England Primer Sermons

Indian Captivity Narratives Dominated popular publications from late 17 th century, well into 19 th century Initially: First person, non-fictional accounts written by people who survived experience of captivity, usually English taken captive by Native Americans Reasons: revenge, ransom, replacement of lost tribe members Around 750 captivities

Real-Life Endings Ransomed for money Traded for Indians taken captive by English Escape from captors Murder captors Assimilation and adoption into Native culture Conversion (e.g. to Catholicism) Killed by captors Suicide

Development of Captivity Narrative Late 17 th century: Direct religious documents; first person (Mary Rowlandson) Early 18 th century: propagandistic tracts; anti- French, anti-Catholic, anti-Indian (e.g. John Williams) Mid to late 18 th century: stylized, melodramatic; resemble newly popular sentimental novels 19 th century: almost wholly fictionalized works incorporating motif of captivity Appropriation in slave narratives, Native American narratives

Captivity Narrative: Basic Formula Separation: Description of event leading to captivity Trials and sufferings: Traveling deeper into wilderness, farther away from Puritan civilization Struggle between assimilation and maintaining separate cultural identity Growth in moral and spiritual strength Return to Puritan society to write account Allegory of Christian salvation

Captivity and the Puritan Myth of a Chosen People New Israel crossing sea to enter wilderness full of devils Meet trials Captivity gives clues to what damnation feels like Redemption—allegory for soul’s salvation—a lived allegory of salvation Captive’s ultimate redemption likened to regeneration of soul

Development of captivity narratives... Rowlandson in 1682, Boston vs. England

Development of captivity narratives... Rowlandson in 1773

More examples... John Williams, The Redeemed Captive returning to Zion (1707) “Panther” Narrative, 1777

More examples... Mary Jemison Narrative, Captivity Narrative