Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Chapter 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Conceptions of Adolescence Biological changes are universal. Biological changes are universal. Psychological and social forces interact with biological changes. Psychological and social forces interact with biological changes. Adolescence, its length, and its demands and pressures vary among cultures. Adolescence, its length, and its demands and pressures vary among cultures. Corbis Images

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hormonal Changes in Puberty Growth hormone and thyroxine increase around age 8–9. Growth hormone and thyroxine increase around age 8–9. Estrogens Estrogens more in girls more in girls adrenal estrogens adrenal estrogens Androgens Androgens more in boys more in boys testosterone testosterone ©Camille Bruggner/Dreamstime.com

Girls: ovaries produce estrogen, stimulates growth of female genitals and development of breasts. Principle sign of sexual maturity in girls is menarche, the first menstruation (average age ). Boys: testes increase production of androgens, particularly testosterone, which stimulates development of the male genitals, muscle mass, and body hair. Principle sign of sexual maturity is production of sperm, and first ejaculation (spermarche); average age 13, usually nocturnal emission (involuntary ejaculation while sleeping)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sex Differences in Body Growth in Adolescence BoysGirls Growth spurt starts age 12½ starts age 10 Proportions shoulders broaden, longer legs hips broaden Muscle–fat makeup gain more muscle, aerobic efficiency gain more fat

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sexual Maturation Primary Sexual Characteristics Secondary Sexual Characteristics maturation of the reproductive organs maturation of the reproductive organs girls: menarche girls: menarche boys: spermarche boys: spermarche other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity girls: breasts girls: breasts boys: facial hair, voice change boys: facial hair, voice change both: underarm hair both: underarm hair

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Individual Differences in Timing of Puberty Heredity Heredity Nutrition, exercise Nutrition, exercise body fat, leptin in girls body fat, leptin in girls Geographical location Geographical location SES SES Ethnic group Ethnic group Early family experiences Early family experiences Secular trends Secular trends Corbis Images

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Brain Development Pruningcontinues frontal lobes cognitive advances attention attention planning planning integrating information integrating information self-regulation self-regulation Growth and myelination speed up strengthen connections among regions Neurotransmitter response changes more sensitive to excitatory messages intensifies reactions to stress stress pleasure, novelty pleasure, novelty

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sleep Habits in Adolescence Still need almost as much sleep, but go to bed later Still need almost as much sleep, but go to bed later Lack of sleep impairs cognitive functions. Lack of sleep impairs cognitive functions. lower achievement lower achievement mood problems mood problems high-risk behaviors high-risk behaviors

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reactions to Puberty Girls surprise surprise more positive than in past more positive than in past preparation, information help preparation, information help father’s involvement helps father’s involvement helps ethnic variations ethnic variations Boys mixed reactions mixed reactions sooner than expected sooner than expected preparation helps preparation helps could benefit from telling people could benefit from telling people

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Parent–Child Relationships During Adolescence Rise in conflict Rise in conflict adaptive behavior adaptive behavior psychological distancing psychological distancing different views of teen readiness for responsibility different views of teen readiness for responsibility Most conflict is mild. Most conflict is mild. also affection, support also affection, support

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Consequences of Timing of Puberty GirlsBoys Early Maturing unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence more deviant behavior more deviant behavior negative body image negative body image more long-term problems more long-term problems popular popular confident, independent confident, independent positive body image positive body image Late Maturing popular popular sociable, lively, school leaders sociable, lively, school leaders positive body image positive body image unpopular unpopular anxious, talkative, attention-seeking anxious, talkative, attention-seeking negative body image negative body image

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factors in Reactions to Timing of Puberty Physical attractiveness – body image Physical attractiveness – body image girls: most want to be thinner, smaller girls: most want to be thinner, smaller boys: most want to be bigger boys: most want to be bigger Fitting in with peers Fitting in with peers prefer similar level of physical maturity prefer similar level of physical maturity ©Isabel Poulin/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Nutrition in Adolescence Calorie needs increase Calorie needs increase Poor food choices common Poor food choices common less fruits, vegetables less fruits, vegetables less milk, breakfast less milk, breakfast more soda, fast food more soda, fast food Eating with family can help Eating with family can help ©Monkey Business Images/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Eating Disorders Severe dieting a strong indicator Severe dieting a strong indicator Family relationships Family relationships Cultural pressure Cultural pressure Corbis Images

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Types of Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa starve out of fear of getting fat starve out of fear of getting fat difficult to treat difficult to treat Bulimia Nervosa strict diet and exercise, then binge and purge strict diet and exercise, then binge and purge more common, easier to treat more common, easier to treat

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Corbis Images Adolescent Sexuality North American attitudes restrictive Media contradicts family messages abstinence programs More liberal over past 40 years most say premarital sex OK for committed partners North American attitudes restrictive Media contradicts family messages abstinence programs More liberal over past 40 years most say premarital sex OK for committed partners Activity matches attitudes Rates declining since 1990s Rates declining since 1990s Few partners Few partners Activity matches attitudes Rates declining since 1990s Rates declining since 1990s Few partners Few partners

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Talking to Adolescents About Sex Foster open communication. Foster open communication. Use correct terms. Use correct terms. Listen, discuss, and collaborate. Listen, discuss, and collaborate. Think before talking. Think before talking. Keep conversations going. Keep conversations going. The Internet can be a hazardous educator. The Internet can be a hazardous educator.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents Personal early puberty early puberty tendency to violate norms tendency to violate norms little religious involvement little religious involvement Family step, single-parent, or large family step, single-parent, or large family weak parental monitoring, parent–child communication weak parental monitoring, parent–child communication Peer sexually active friends or siblings sexually active friends or siblings Educational poor school performance poor school performance low educational goals low educational goals

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sequence of Coming Out Gay Lifestyles Feeling different Ages 6–12 Ages 6–12 Feeling different Ages 6–12 Ages 6–12 Confusion Ages 11–15 Ages 11–15Confusion Self-acceptance Timing varies Timing variesSelf-acceptance

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adolescents and STDs Adolescents highest STD rate Adolescents highest STD rate high rate in United States high rate in United States 1 in 6 teens, among sexually active 1 in 6 teens, among sexually active AIDS most serious AIDS most serious manifests 8–10 years later manifests 8–10 years later often infected during adolescence often infected during adolescence Females more easily infected Females more easily infected Education improving Education improving Teens and Young Adults

Sexual risk taking Sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) (Table 12-4 (page 449))- some curable, some not! Sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) (Table 12-4 (page 449))- some curable, some not! Pregnancy Pregnancy Most at risk: Young first experience, multiple partners, failure to use contraceptives, inadequate sex information (14%) Young first experience, multiple partners, failure to use contraceptives, inadequate sex information (14%) Socioeconomically disadvantaged communities Socioeconomically disadvantaged communities Substance use Substance use Antisocial behavior Antisocial behavior Association with deviant peers Association with deviant peers

Peer group most influential Peer group most influential 1/3 give into peer pressure 1/3 give into peer pressure Remember, that intercourse, oral, and anal sex can transmit STDS Contraceptives: why use/not use- ignorance Contraceptives: why use/not use- ignorance Teenage mothers, who are often under more stress than adult mothers, are more likely to abuse their child. Teenage mothers, who are often under more stress than adult mothers, are more likely to abuse their child.

Most Prevalent STDs HPV HPV Trichomoniasis Trichomoniasis Genital Herpes Simplex Genital Herpes Simplex Chlamydia and gonorrhea (both curable) Chlamydia and gonorrhea (both curable)

Why Adolescents Fail to Use Birth Control 1. due to moral or religious values and beliefs 2. belief that sex should be spontaneous and unplanned, therefore, no time for birth control 3. ignorance about reproductive matters, anatomy, pregnancy

4.belief in myths won’t get pregnant the first time won’t get pregnant the first time cant get pregnant during the period cant get pregnant during the period misunderstanding the rhythm method misunderstanding the rhythm method pulling out always works pulling out always works certain positions prevent pregnancy certain positions prevent pregnancy belief that they have to be a certain age to become pregnant belief that they have to be a certain age to become pregnant use of someone else’s birth control use of someone else’s birth control place responsibility on the woman or man, but fails to accept responsibility for self place responsibility on the woman or man, but fails to accept responsibility for self belief that they are ready to be parents; possibly promised to be married belief that they are ready to be parents; possibly promised to be married

5. rape/incest will not result in pregnancy 6. leave it up to God! Condoms are the best protection! Sex information: Tend to get from friends, parents, sex education in school, media. Those who can discuss contraception with parents have more positive attitudes toward safe sex

Teenage pregnancy Decrease in teenage pregnancy Decrease in teenage pregnancy Many of these girls are sexually inexperienced Many of these girls are sexually inexperienced Often history of abuse, sexual abuse, experienced divorce, domestic violence, substance abuse, household with mental illness or criminalty Often history of abuse, sexual abuse, experienced divorce, domestic violence, substance abuse, household with mental illness or criminalty Poor prognosis for teen mothers Poor prognosis for teen mothers Education suffers, impoverished, not access prenatal care, fetal alcohol syndrome, poor diet, abuse/neglect of child Education suffers, impoverished, not access prenatal care, fetal alcohol syndrome, poor diet, abuse/neglect of child

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Risks for Teen Mothers Less educational achievement Less educational achievement More time as single parents More time as single parents Economic problems Economic problems Pregnancy and birth complications Pregnancy and birth complications Lack of parenting skills Lack of parenting skills

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Substance Abusers Compared to experimenters: more antisocial, impulsive acts more antisocial, impulsive acts start earlier start earlier more likely to be affected by genetic and environmental factors more likely to be affected by genetic and environmental factors low SES low SES family drug use family drug use family difficulties family difficulties physical, sexual abuse physical, sexual abuse poor school performance poor school performance DigitalVision

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Prevention and Treatment Best school and community programs: Best school and community programs: promote effective parenting promote effective parenting teach skills to resist peer pressure teach skills to resist peer pressure reduce social acceptability of drugs reduce social acceptability of drugs commit adolescents to drug-free lifestyles commit adolescents to drug-free lifestyles ©Christina Deridder/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Piaget’s Theory: Formal Operational Stage Hypothetico-deductive reasoning Hypothetico-deductive reasoning deducing hypotheses from a general theory deducing hypotheses from a general theory pendulum problem pendulum problem Propositional thought Propositional thought evaluating the logic of verbal propositions evaluating the logic of verbal propositions

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Information-Processing Improvements in Adolescence Attention Attention Inhibition Inhibition Memory strategies Memory strategies Knowledge Knowledge Metacognition Metacognition Cognitive self-regulation Cognitive self-regulation Processing capacity Processing capacity Speed of thinking Speed of thinking Corbis Images

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Scientific Reasoning Coordinating theory with evidence Coordinating theory with evidence Improves with age Improves with age from childhood through adulthood from childhood through adulthood individuals vary individuals vary Contributing factors: Contributing factors: working memory capacity working memory capacity exposure to complex problems exposure to complex problems metacognitive understanding metacognitive understanding open-mindedness open-mindedness Photodisc

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Consequences of Abstract Thought Self-consciousness and self-focusing Self-consciousness and self-focusing imaginary audience imaginary audience sensitivity to criticism sensitivity to criticism personal fable personal fable Idealism and criticism Idealism and criticism Planning and decision making Planning and decision making inexperience inexperience overwhelming options overwhelming options

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Helping Adolescents Adjust to School Transitions Parental involvement, monitoring Parental involvement, monitoring Smaller units within schools Smaller units within schools Homeroom teacher relationships Homeroom teacher relationships Classes with familiar peers Classes with familiar peers Minimize competition, treatment by ability at school Minimize competition, treatment by ability at school

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Supporting Academic Achievement Child-rearing practices Child-rearing practices authoritative authoritative joint decision making joint decision making parent–school partnerships parent–school partnerships Peer influences Peer influences Value high achievement Value high achievement School characteristics School characteristics classroom learning experiences classroom learning experiences teaching teaching tracking tracking Employment schedule Employment schedule Vocational education Vocational education

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dropout Prevention Strategies High-quality vocational training Remedial instruction Personalized counseling address factors in students’ lives outside school Extracurricular activities High-quality vocational training Remedial instruction Personalized counseling address factors in students’ lives outside school Extracurricular activities DigitalVision

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Benefits of Extracurricular Activities Less antisocial behavior Less antisocial behavior Improved family relationships Improved family relationships Academic performance Academic performance Social skills, peer acceptance Social skills, peer acceptance Self-esteem, confidence Self-esteem, confidence Academic performance Academic performance Social skills, peer acceptance Social skills, peer acceptance Self-esteem, confidence Self-esteem, confidence Sports and Recreation