© Intercultural Studies Group Universitat Rovira i Virgili Winning hearts and minds, from Arizona to Afghanistan, via Damascus Anthony Pym

© Intercultural Studies Group Taking positions

© Intercultural Studies Group HB 2281

© Intercultural Studies Group The debate - What kind of society? - What rules? - Translationssoziologie? Sociologie de la traduction? - Habermas on the Amish? - But look at what people do!

© Intercultural Studies Group Inculturation, hasta ponerlos en necesidad de burlar con los niños, y hacerse niños con ellos [...] se hagan indios con los indios’ porque niños fueron los maestros de los evangelizadores. Los niños fueron también predicadores, y los niños ministros de la destrucción de la idolatría. (Mendieta 1973:1.135)

© Intercultural Studies Group Inculturation, “the incarnation of the Gospel in autonomous cultures and at the same time the introduction of these cultures into the life of the Church” (John Paul II, Slavorum Apostoli 1985) “Through inculturation the Church makes the Gospel incarnate in different cultures and at the same time introduces peoples, together with their cultures, into her own community.” (John Paul II, Redemptoris Missio 1990)

© Intercultural Studies Group Inculturation, 1994 The people of Israel throughout its history preserved the certain knowledge that it was the chosen people of God, the witness of his action and love in the midst of the nations. It took from neighboring peoples certain forms of worship, but its faith in the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob subjected these borrowings to profound modifications [...].The encounter between the Jewish world and Greek wisdom gave rise to a new form of inculturation: the translation of the Bible into Greek introduced the word of God into a world that had been closed to it and caused, under divine inspiration, an enrichment of the Scriptures. (Varietates Legitimae 1994)

© Intercultural Studies Group Inculturation, 2001 “The work of inculturation, of which the translation into vernacular languages is a part, is not therefore to be considered an avenue for the creation of new varieties or families of rites; on the contrary, it should be recognized that any adaptations introduced out of cultural or pastoral necessity thereby become part of the Roman Rite, and are to be inserted into it in a harmonious way.” (Liturgiam authenticam 2001: 5)

© Intercultural Studies Group Inculturation? - Literature as institution? - Capitalist economies? - IT? (Microsoft?) - Political modernity? - Universities? - Liberal humanism? - Translation Studies?

© Intercultural Studies Group No innocence for us “Le métalangage, c’est le grand alibi pour masquer et oublier les tâches historiques et les missions qui n’ont pas été accomplies, pour effacer les responsabilités, pour diffuser une culpabilité latente, un sentiment imprécis de frustration et de malaise.” Henri Lefebvre, La Vie quotidienne dans le monde moderne 1968: 254.

© Intercultural Studies Group An unfashionable question - What is translated? - (Not really how much, how many, by whom, for whom, when, or where.)

© Intercultural Studies Group

Counterinsurgency - Learns from Mao: - Influence the common people. - Learns from Saul of Tarsis (Philippians 4:7): - And the peace of God, which passes all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. (King James 2000). - (  · shall keep them as in a strong place or castle.)

© Intercultural Studies Group Counterinsurgency - Once the unit settles into the AO, its next task is to build trusted networks. This is the true meaning of the phrase “hearts and minds,” which comprises two separate components. “Hearts” means persuading people that their best interests are served by COIN [counterinsurgency] success. “Minds” means convincing them that the force can protect them and that resisting it is pointless. - Note that neither concerns whether people like Soldiers and Marines. Calculated self-interest, not emotion, is what counts. Over time, successful trusted networks grow like roots into the populace. They displace enemy networks, which forces enemies into the open, letting military forces seize the initiative and destroy the insurgents. (2006: A5) -

© Intercultural Studies Group Counterinsurgency Cultural knowledge is essential to waging a successful counterinsurgency. American ideas of what is “normal” or “rational” are not universal. To the contrary, members of other societies often have different notions of rationality, appropriate behavior, level of religious devotion, and norms concerning gender. Thus, what may appear abnormal or strange to an external observer may appear as self-evidently normal to a group member. For this reason, counterinsurgents—especially commanders, planners, and small-unit leaders—should strive to avoid imposing their ideals of normalcy on a foreign cultural problem. (1-80) -

© Intercultural Studies Group Counterinsurgency insurgents hold a distinct advantage in their level of local knowledge. They speak the language, move easily within the society, and are more likely to understand the population’s interests. Thus, effective COIN operations require a greater emphasis on certain skills, such as language and cultural understanding, than does conventional warfare. (1-125)

© Intercultural Studies Group Counterinsurgency In order to evaluate the people, the following six sociocultural factors should be analyzed: Society Social structure. Culture Language Power and authority Interests.

© Intercultural Studies Group Counterinsurgency When dealing with Home Nation: Experience with the HN language, the ability to learn languages, or support of reliable translators. Patience and tolerance when dealing with language and translation barriers.

© Intercultural Studies Group Counterinsurgency In traditional societies, women are hugely influential informing the social networks that insurgents use for support. When women support COIN efforts, families support COIN efforts. Getting the support of families is a big step toward mobilizing the local populace against the insurgency. Co-opting neutral or friendly women through targeted social and economic programs builds networks of enlightened self-interest that eventually undermine insurgents. Female counterinsurgents, including interagency people, are required to do this effectively. (A-35) -

© Intercultural Studies Group Counterinsurgency Category I linguists usually are hired locally and require vetting. They do not have a security clearance. They are the most abundant resource pool; however, their skill level is limited. Category II linguists are U.S. citizens with a secret clearance. Often they possess good oral and written communication skills. They should be managed carefully due to limited availability. Category II linguists interpret for battalion and higher. Category III linguists are U.S. citizens with a top secret clearance. They are a scarce commodity and often retained at division and higher levels of command. They have excellent oral and written communications skills.

© Intercultural Studies Group Why no good linguists?

© Intercultural Studies Group What is risk? The probability of failing (not meeting success conditions). Ethics of cooperation: Success means mutual benefits. Minimally: The benefits must be greater than the efforts (transaction costs).

© Intercultural Studies Group What work is done by The sergeant? The villagers? The village elder? The interpreter?

© Intercultural Studies Group Risk management High impactLow Impact High frequencyDO SOMETHINGThink about it Low FrequencyThink about itOMIT?

© Intercultural Studies Group Risk management For sergeant High impactLow Impact High frequencyAttacksOther cultures Low FrequencyBOMBSInterpreters

© Intercultural Studies Group Risk management For villagers High impactLow Impact High frequencyAttacks by TalibanVisits by Taliban Low FrequencyAttacks by USVisits by US

© Intercultural Studies Group Risk management For village elder (“wheat and ants”) High impactLow Impact High frequencyTell Taliban the truth Other villagers Low FrequencyTell US the truthInterpreter

© Intercultural Studies Group Risk management For interpreter High impactLow Impact High frequencyMaintain trust of US Maintain trust of other tribes Low FrequencyBe seen as a traitor Presence of TV camera

© Intercultural Studies Group In this communicative event: Is everyone a rational egoist? Is there cooperation? Could the cooperation be more ethical? If so, how?

© Intercultural Studies Group Counterinsurgency - “Lost in Translation” as a rational encounter of conflicting interests. - The theory of mutual interests must apply to the mediator as well.

© Intercultural Studies Group Conditions for aspiration? - - Multiple communication spaces - - Personal contact