1 America becomes a world power: imperialism

2 The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories DEFINITION OF IMPERIALISM The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.

3 IMPERIALISM IN THE 19 TH AND EARLY 20 TH CENTURIES

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6 PACIFIC ISLANDS “UP FOR GRABS”

7 Traditional foreign policy Definition of imperialism Reasons and rationalizations for imperialism

8 TRADITIONAL UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY WAS ISOLATIONIST “It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world” PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON, 1796

9 Most of the 19 th century was spent exploring and settling the western frontier of the united states, this changed the perception of American boundaries

10 “Manifest destiny” extended beyond the borders of the united states

11 REASONS AND RATIONALIZATIONS FOR IMPERIALISM To gain more power in the international arena by following the European example (Global Competition) Missionary zeal To gain more wealth Desire for military strength Belief in cultural superiority

12 Which countries were the most powerful based on this map alone?

13 Great Britain, a major world power, served as a role model of an imperialist power

14 Missionary zeal, the desire to convert “heathen, non-believers” led to people moving to “uncivilized” areas in hopes of helping natives

15 Based on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and the survival of the fittest but applied to society and politics. The wealthy are the strong and therefore have the right to rule the poor who are weak. The united states as a strong nation must dominate the weaker nations. SOCIAL DARWINISM philosopher Herbert Spencer who developed the theory of social Darwinism

16 Hawaii

17 Missionaries from the U.S. went to Hawaii in the late early 19 th century

Hawaii, Why? Missionary work Perfect stop for ships on way to Asia Sugar Pearl Harbor

19 Queen Liliuokalani, LAST QUEEN OF HAWAII Read pg 344

20 SANFORD DOLE Became president of the republic of Hawaii after the queen was overthrown. Hawaii was annexed as part of the u.s. in 1898

Something to think about! Should America continue with Imperialistic views? Should America give back places they took over? 21

22 Role of media U.S.S. Maine War in Cuba Teller amendment Philippines Differing opinions on imperialism

23 PROBLEMS BETWEEN CUBA AND THEIR SPANISH RULERS DOMINATE AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AT THE END OF THE 19 TH CENTURY CUBA

American Interest in Cuba In 1854 Cuba was under control of Spain America wanted to buy it Cubans revolted against Spain but lost. –Demanded slavery be outlawed Spain crushed them and put in concentration camps 24

25 YELLOW JOURNALISM CARTOON WHERE THE TERM “YELLOW JOURNALISM” CAME FROM IN 1898 NEWSPAPERS PROVIDED THE PUBLIC WITH INFORMATION. PEOPLE LACKED THE ABILITY TO VERIFY IF THE STORIES WERE BIASED OR INACCURATE AND THEREFORE RELIED UPON NEWSPAPERS TO TELL THE TRUTH. PULITZER AND HEARST TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE PUBLIC’S IGNORANCE BY TWISTING THE TRUTH TO SELL MORE NEWSPAPERS. SENSATIONALIZED STORIES WERE FEATURED HEAVILY IN THEIR NEWSPAPERS SINCE EXCITING HEADLINES INCREASED CIRCULATION.

Yellow journalism is a type of journalism that downplays legitimate news in favor of eye- catching headlines that sell more newspapers. 26

Yellow journalism is any kind of reporting that fans the flames of hate against another group of people and demonizes them so as to legitimize obliteration of the ‘other’. By that definition, all news coverage leading up to and including the ongoing war against Iraq and Afghanistan, and the coverage of Iran is yellow journalism. An easy way to think abut it is if the news is covered in such a way that the reader or TV viewer is encouraged to cheer the death and destruction of the ‘other’ (‘enemy’) is yellow journalism. In a civilized society, it is wrong to cheer the death of anyone, even the ‘other’ who may not be so nice to us. 27

28 HEARST PULITZER

29 NEWSPAPERS FOCUSED ON SPANISH ATROCITIES TOWARDS THE CUBAN PEOPLE TO IGNITE PASSIONS AGAINST SPAIN SPANISH GENERAL WEYLER WAS SEEN AS A “BUTCHER” IN THE US FOR HIS TREATMENT OF THE CUBAN PEOPLE

30 The u.s. public was especially sympathetic towards women in Cuba. Hearst focused on a young woman, known in the United States as Evangelina Cisneros, who was imprisoned in Havana. Petitions for her freedom were signed by prominent U.S. women and the pope, and addressed to the Queen regent of Spain. Evangelina managed to escape with the help of correspondent Karl Decker, who probably bribed her guards. The story presented to the public was that of a heroic "journalist that acts."

31 ALL THAT WAS NEEDED TO START A WAR WAS A SPARK AND THIS CAME ON FEBRUARY 15TH, 1898, IN HAVANA HARBOR. USS MAINE IN HAVANA, CUBA HARBOR

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33 Yellow journalists were quick to blame the Spanish

34 What is the message of this cartoon?

U.S Demanded 6 month cease fire, and many other things. Did not matter –America was thirsty for blood –April 20, 1898 U.S. declares war on Spain 35

36 Troops mobilizing for war

37 FIGHTING IN CUBA

38 US GATLING GUNS: AN EARLY TYPE OF MACHINE GUN

39 BATTLE SCENE WITH TEDDY ROOSEVELT ON THE HORSE

40 THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE “ROUGH RIDERS” IN CUBA

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42 US FORCES CONQUER THE PHILIPPINES

43 US OCCUPIES TWO MORE SPANISH COLONIAL POSSESSIONS

Treaty of Paris Ended the Spanish American War –Granted independence of Cuba from Spain. –U.S. helped with infrastructure. –U.S. had right to use Cuba for military 44

45 US DESTROYS THE SPANISH FLEET AT MANILA BAY

46 Spheres of influence Boxer rebellion Open door policy Japan becomes imperialist

47 FOREIGN INTERVENTION IN CHINA TAKES CENTER STAGE AT THE END OF THE 19 TH CENTURY RUSSIA BRITAIN 1898 GERMANY 1898 BRITAIN 1842

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49 Boxers were a group of people who did not want outside influences in China BOXER REBELLION, 1900 BOXER SOLDIER Boxer rebel

50 Boxer troops entered the foreign held Peking (Beijing)

51 An international force retaliated and seized control of Peking

52 WHO ARE THE LAND GRABBERS? WHY DO YOU THINK UNCLE SAM IS TRYING TO STOP THEM?

53 Why did U.S. Do this? Why did U.S. believe in this cause –1. the growth of U.S. economy depended its exports. –2. We felt we had right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open 3. The fear of closing an area of world to trade would cripple U.S. economy.

54 TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S FOREIGN POLICY “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

55 WHAT INTERNATIONAL ROLE DID ROOSEVELT ENVISION FOR THE UNITED STATES?

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57 The need for a canal,Why?

58 US INTERESTS TURNED TOWARD CENTRAL AMERICA AND A QUICKER WAY OF MOVING SHIPS BETWEEN THE EAST AND WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA 15,000 MILES

59 ADVANTAGE OF AN ISTHMIAN CANAL 8,000 miles

60 PANAMA, A PROVINCE OF COLOMBIA, WAS CHOSEN FOR THE SITE OF THE PROPOSED CANAL

Big Problem! Columbia controlled Panama and wouldn’t sell the land to U.S. for the proposed $40 million. U.S. helped Panama declare independence. Fixed the problem 61

62 ROOSEVELT’S SOLUTION WAS TO SUPPORT A PANAMANIAN REVOLUTION

63 WILLIAM C. GORGAS 1905 Yellow Fever Quarantine Station 1905 fumigation car eradicating the mosquitoes In Cuba dr. Gorgas learned yellow fever was transmitted through mosquitoes. his discovery allowed the canal to be built.

64 Construction of the canal

51 miles long, 43,000 workers, 5,600 deaths, $380 million to build 65

Locks are 1,000 ft long 110 ft wide 41 ft deep 170 ft elevation change

67 PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT VISITS THE CANAL CONSTRUCTION SITE IN 1906

68 Mira Flores, Panama

Opening of the Panama Canal

70 Panama canal today

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