CHAPTER 4 CARBON & MOLECULAR DIVERSITY Check your knowledge by answering the questions in red

Figure 4.x1 Urea Why was the discovery of urea important?

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY The chemistry of carbon compounds Small organics such as CH 4 16 daltons or AMU’s Macromolecules such as C 3032 H 4816 O 872 N 780 S 8 Fe 4 = 64,500 daltons or AMU’s or 64.5 kd Can you name these molecules? Check your book if you can’t

Figure 4.0 Protein

WHY CARBON??? Smallest atom with bonding capacity of 4 carbon-carbon bond is strong and versatile molecular diversity “carbon is unparalleled in it’s ability to form molecules that are large, complex and diverse”

HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS Simplest organic compounds entirely C & H nonpolar insoluble in water examples: fossil fuels oil, coal, natural gas

Figure 4.5 The role of hydrocarbons in fats

ORGANIC DIVERSITY VARIATIONS IN CARBON SKELETONS nomenclature - number of carbons in backbone branched – add iso to name double bonds – add ene name rings – add cyclo to name

Figure 4.4 Variations in carbon skeletons Linear vs. cyclical

Structural Isomers VARIATION IN SHAPE ISOMERS - same molecular formula but different molecular structure

Figure 4.4x Hydrocarbons: molecular models Butane Isobutane Hexane Cyclohexane What’s true of all hydrocarbons???

ASYMMETRIC al CARBONS affect the shape of organic molecules the different shapes are called enantiomers

ENANTIOMERSENANTIOMERS Typically only one form is biologically active Thalidomide L-DOPA vs. D-DOPA Life prefers L-amino acids and D-sugars Very important to pharmacists!!!!!! and organic chemists

Table 4.1 Functional Groups of Organic Compounds See your textbook Know these, know their properties, Be able to draw them!!! They’re guaranteed to be on the first test!! on the first test!!

ORGANIC DIVERSITY FUNCTIONAL GROUPS reactive groups involved in chemical rxns determine chemical properties of organic molecules must be memorized

FUNCTIONAL GROUP Hydroxyl group formula: name: polar or nonpolar? sugars to dissolve due to number of OH groups

Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of female (estradiol) and male (testosterone) sex hormones How do these two sex hormones differ? What do the suffixes tell you?

Figure 4.8x1 Estrone and testosterone Why does the name of both of these molecules end in -one?

Figure 4.8x3 Male and female peacocks Sex hormones determine secondary sex characteristics Among other things ;-)

Figure 4.8x2 Male and female mallards

Figure 4.8 Male and female sage grouse

FUNCTIONAL GROUP Carbonyl group - 2 forms Type 1 formula: name: polar or nonpolar? Type 2 formula: name:

FUNCTIONAL GROUP Carboxyl group formula: name: Are they polar or nonpolar organic acid See your book Which amino acids have acid R groups? What makes each of these an acid?

FUNCTIONAL GROUP Amine group formula: name: polar or nonpolar? organic bases See your book Which amino acids have basic R groups? Why?

FUNCTIONAL GROUP Sulfhydryl group formula: name: polar or nonpolar? stabilize proteins disulfide bridge Can you find the disulfide bridge???

FUNCTIONAL GROUP Phosphate group formula: name: polar or nonpolar? also act like acids It’s big job in life is to store and transfer energy Can you name the molecule above?

Table 4.1 Functional Groups of Organic Compounds The sooner you learn the functional groups the easier organic chemistry and biochemistry become!

THOUGHT FOR THE DAY “Quality is never an accident, it is always the result of high intention, sincere effort, and skillful execution.”