Carbon Chapter 4

Carbon

Organic chemistry Study of carbon compounds All life contains carbon

Carbon 4 valence electrons 4 covalent bonds Single, double and triple bonds Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen

Urea

Hydrocarbons Molecules containing only carbon & hydrogen Chains Rings Branch

Hydrocarbons

Octane

A fat molecule Hydrocarbons

Isomers Compounds with the same molecular formula But different structures & properties Structural isomers: Different covalent arrangements of their atoms Geometric isomers: Same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements

Isomers Enantiomers: Isomers that are mirror images of each other

Fig. 4-7 Pentane (a) Structural isomers (b) Geometric isomers 2-methyl butane cis isomer: The two Xs are on the same side. trans isomer: The two Xs are on opposite sides. (c) Enantiomers L isomer D isomer

Structural isomers

(R)-ibuprofen (S)-ibuprofen Eantiomers

Fig. 4-UN9 L -dopa D -dopa

Fig. 4-8 Drug Ibuprofen Albuterol Condition Pain; inflammation Asthma Effective Enantiomer S-Ibuprofen R-Albuterol R-Ibuprofen S-Albuterol Ineffective Enantiomer

Functional groups Chemical groups attached to a carbon Unique chemical properties

Fig. 4-9 Estradiol Testosterone

Functional groups 1. Hydroxyl -OH Alcohols 2. Carboxyl -COOH Organic acids

Functional groups 3. Carbonyl C=O Aldehydes and ketones 4. Amino -NH 2 Amines

Functional groups 5. Sulfhydryl -SH Thiols 6. Phosphates -OPO Methyl -CH 3

Functional groups

ATP Adenosine triphosphate