Similarities and Differences pa 06-06

Similarities and Differences Comparing Classifying Creating Metaphors Creating analogies pa 06-06

McREL’s Strategies K-12 classrooms. Marzano (1998) analyzed selected research studies on instructional strategies that could be used by teachers in K-12 classrooms. pa 06-06

Category Average Effect size (ES) Percentile Gain Number of Effect Sizes Identifying similarities and differences 1.61 45 31 Summarizing and note taking 1.00 34 179 Reinforcing effort and providing recognition .80 29 21 Homework and Practice .77 28 134 Nonlinguistic representation .75 27 246 Cooperative learning .73 122 Setting objectives and providing feedback .61 23 408 Generating and testing hypotheses 63 Questions, cues, and advance organizers .59 22 1,251 pa 06-06

Comparing Examine how things are alike and different based on common characteristics. pa 06-06

Recommendations for practice: 1.Give students a model for the process pa 06-06

Recommendations for practice: 2. Use familiar content to teach students the steps for comparing. pa 06-06

Recommendations for practice: 3. Give students graphic organizers for comparing ? x y z pa 06-06

Recommendations for practice: 4. Guide students as needed pa 06-06

Purpose: to compare and contrast __________ and ____________ Characteristics pa 06-06

Purpose: to compare and contrast __________ and ____________ How are they most alike? ___________________________ What is the greatest difference between them? ______________ ___________________________ pa 06-06

Using what you know and have learned, write 2 sentences to compare and contrast ___ and ___. 1. 2. pa 06-06

“Such a scene of sorrow and weeping I had never before witnessed.” Compare the two sources: A. How is what Talmadge wrote like the painting? How is it different? “Such a scene of sorrow and weeping I had never before witnessed.” Benjamin Talmadge B. Identify each as a primary or secondary source. Explain the reasons for your choices. pa 06-06

Classifying Consider how items are similar and different then group using similarities to define categories. pa 06-06

Metaphors Definition: Figure of speech in which a word or phrase that literally denotes one object or ideas is used with or in place of another object or idea, to suggest a likeness between them. is pa 06-06

Why Metaphors? Think about a time when you used a metaphor to explain something that was otherwise difficult to explain. pa 06-06

Metaphors War is hell. Love is a rose. My brother is a killer whale. No man is an island. pa 06-06

The pen is mightier than the sword

Graphic Organizer for Metaphors War is hell. Noun Characteristics Noun Characteristics Relationships

Metaphors versus Similes A metaphor states the comparison directly using “is”, for example, “He is a rock.” A simile states the comparison using “like” and “as”, for example, “The stars were like jewels in the sky.” pa 06-06

Metaphors 1. A circle is____________. 2. A dandelion is _____________. 3. The internet is _____________. 4. The cafeteria is ____________ . 5. Love is ____________. 6. A school is ___________. pa 06-06

Metaphors (continued) 7. An airport is ____________. 8. A dictator is _____________. 9. My spouse is _____________. 10. A flute is ____________ . 11. A book is ____________. pa 06-06

Metaphor Websites http://www.sil.org/lingualLinks/lexicon/MetaphorsInEnglish/Index.htm http://www.stuntmonkey.com/metaphor/ http://therussler.tripod.com/dtps/mixed_metaphors.html pa 06-06

Assessment: No man is an island. In this metaphor, why is a man compared to an island? Man is stronger than a lion. Man needs others to survive. Man has no feelings to share. Man is smaller than the world.

Creating Analogies Involves relationships between pairs of elements Looking for similarities between pairs of elements Ruler: length :: measuring cup: __??___ pa 06-06

Creating Analogies pa 06-06

Analogies: It’s All About Relationships! help us make connections between things that are different;   help explain an unfamiliar concept by making a comparison to something we understand; most complex format for identifying similarities and differences. pa 06-06

Graphic Organizer for Analogies     is to Relationship:   is to pa 06-06

Number of casualties in Vietnam War= 50,000 How to make this number real to students?     casualties Vietnam War is to Relationship:   Coors field seats is to pa 06-06

Creating Analogies: Type 1 George Bush: the US :: Tony Blair: Great Britain RELATIONSHIP:__________________________ Teacher Directed—students must explain the relationship pa 06-06

Creating Analogies: Type 2 Mitt Romney:MA :: _________: FL RELATIONSHIP:__________________________ Teacher Directed—Present students with one missing element; students must explain the relationship pa 06-06

Creating Analogies: Type 3 Happy: Sad:: _________: ________ RELATIONSHIP:__________________________ Student Directed—Students must provide more elements and explain the relationship pa 06-06

Creating Analogies: Type 4 Doctor: _______:: _________: ________ RELATIONSHIP:__________________________ Student Directed—Students must provide more elements and explain the relationship pa 06-06

Creating Analogies: Type 5 ______: _______:: _________: ________ RELATIONSHIP:__________________________ Student Directed—Students must provide all elements and explain the relationship pa 06-06

Web sites for Analogies http://www.teachersdesk.org/vocabanal.html card game http://www.infoplease.com/spot/analogy.html explanation, examples, analogy of the day http://www.factmonster.com/analogies?month=Nov&day=30 analogy of the day http://www.wordmasterschallenge.com/more_samples.htm samples http://www.quia.com/cb/7146.html game, like Jeopardy pa 06-06

Similarities and Differences Comparing Classifying Creating Metaphors Creating analogies pa 06-06