1 Integumentary System Skin, Hair, Nails

2 Common Skin Disorders Vocabulary Acne - A disease of the sebaceous glands that produces blackheads and pimples. Alopecia - Hair loss, usually sudden. Athlete’s Foot - (Tinea pedis) A fungus infection usually in the skin of the toes and soles. Birthmark - A vascular tumor of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, visible at birth or soon after.

3 Vocabulary Boil - (Furuncle) A bacterial infection of a hair follicle and / or sebaceous glands. Carbuncle - A bacterial infection, similar to a boil, that spreads into subcutaneous tissues. Cyst - A liquid-filled sac or capsule. Dermatitis - Inflammation of the skin.

4 Vocabulary Eczema - A non-contagious skin rash that produces itching, blistering and scaling. Erythema - Reddening of the skin due to dilation of dermal blood vessels in response to injury or inflammation. Herpes - An infectious disease of the skin, usually caused by a herpes simplex virus and characterized by recurring formation s of small clusters of vesicles.

5 Vocabulary Impetigo - A contagious disease of bacterial origin, characterized by pustules that rupture and become covered with loosely held crusts. Keloid - An elevated, enlarging fibrous scar usually initiated by an injury. Mole - (Nevus) A fleshy skin tumor that usually is pigmented; colors range from brown to black

6 Vocabulary Pediculosis - A disease produced by lice infestation. Pruritus - Itching Psoriasis - A chronic skin disease characterized by red patches covered with silvery scales. Pustule - Elevated, pus filled area on the skin.

7 Vocabulary Scabies - A disease resulting from mite infestation. Seborrhea - Hyperactivity of the sebaceous glands, causing greasy skin and dandruff. Ulcer - An open sore. Urticaria - An allergic reaction of the skin that produces reddish, elevated patches (hives) Wart - A flesh-colored, raised area caused by a viral infection.

8 Overview Skin –Structure / Function Skin Color Accessory Organs –Hair –Glands –Nails –Receptors Anatomy of Wounds Aging Diseases

9 The Skin Largest organ of the body 12-15% of body weight 1-2 square meters

10 Function of Skin Protection –Physical barrier to the environment Regulation of Body Temperature –Insulation / Sweat Glands Communication –Sensory receptors that detect heat, cold, touch, and pain Excretion of Wastes –Sweat glands remove wastes through pores Vitamin D production (Video Clip) –Produced when exposed to UV light –Vitamin allows for absorption of calcium

11 3Major Skin Layers Diagram

12 Skin Layers: Epidermis Thin and Superficial Composed of Stratified squamous epithelium Basal Layer of living, actively dividing columnar cells that push older cells toward the surface as new cells are produced. Composed of the protein- keratin

13 Epidermis Divisions (Layers)

14 Epidermis Divisions Stratum basale (deepest) Stratum = layer Basale = bottom or base Single layer of columnar cells Pushed toward the skin surface as more cells are made and begin to die because there is no blood in the epithelium

15 Epidermis Divisions Stratum spinosum Stratum + spinosum = spiny Stratified cuboidal cells Bridges that connect to adjacent cells and gives them a spiny appearance. Nuclei of the cells are darkened = pyknosis (early sign of death)

16 Epidermis Divisions Stratum granulosum Stratum + granulosum = containing small grains 3-5 rows of partially flattened cells whose cytoplasm contains small granules. Granules are proteins that are in the process of transforming into the waterproofing protein keratin.

17 Epidermis Divisions Stratum lucidum Stratum + lucidum = clear or transparent Present only in the thick skin of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. 3-4 rows of flattened, dead cells that are mostly transparent. Keratin formation continues with “ghost” cells.

18 Epidermis Divisions Stratum corneum Stratum + corneum = horny Superficial layer rows of flattened, dead cells. Cells are constantly being sloughed off by normal wear and tear, and are replaced by deeper layers. Process from bottom up takes about 3 weeks to 1 month Keratin layer is not completely impermeable (example: soaking in bath causes pruning)

19 Skin Color Inherited trait The amount of color in the skin is determined by special cells called melanocytes,that lie between the dividing cells of the stratum basale. Melanocytes secrete a dark-colored protein or pigment called melanin. Greater amount of a melanin in your skin, the darker your skin color Hypopigmentation - too little melanin Hyperpigmentation - too much melanin

20 Pigmentation Vocabulary Albinism - an inherited condition that causes a lack of pigment. Light skin, white or pale yellow hair and light blue or gray eyes Lichen simplex chronicus - skin disorder with severe itching that causes thick, dark patches of skin to develop

21 Pigmentation Vocabulary Vitiligo - a skin disorder that creates smooth, depigmented white spots on the skin. Lamellar ichthyosis - also called fish scale disease, is an inherited condition characterized by darkened, scaly, dry patches of skin Melasma - A dark mask-like discoloration that covers the cheeks and bridge of the nose. Also called “the pregnancy mask”

22 Albinism

23 Vitiligo / Melasma

24 Lichen Simplex Chronicus / Icthyosis

25 Cancer Vocabulary Cancer - a term in which abnormal cells divide without control –Carcinoma - Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. –Sarcoma - Cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels or other connective or supportive tissue. –Leukemia - cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue. –Lymphoma - cancer that begins in the cells of the immune system

26 Cancer Vocabulary Metastasis- The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Carcinogen- Any substance that causes cancer. Biopsy - The removal of tissue for microscopic analysis to aid in diagnosis. Malignant - cancerous Benign - non-cancerous

27 Skin Cancer Melanin provides protection because it absorbs UV light Excessive exposure causes sunburn or can cause mutations in the melanocytes and can lead to skin cancer.

28 Types of Skin Cancer Squamous cell carcinoma is a noninvasive cancer that usually arises from flattened cells of the epidermis –Fair-skinned people with repeated exposure to sun –Lesions grow 1/2 cm per week on average –Small, red, conical, hard nodules that break open soon after forming –Treated by excision or x-ray irradiation

29 Types of Skin Cancer Basal Cell Carcinoma - Occurs on parts of the body exposed to sun Most common type of skin cancer Tumor arises from cells of the basal layer of the epidermis. –Grows 1-2 cm / year –Lesions are red, waxy nodules in the skin –Treatment is excision

30 Types of Skin Cancer Malignant melanoma - the most life- threatening Tumor originates in the melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis –Discolored, tender region or a small, mole-like growth –Increases in size, changes color, becomes ulcerated, and bleeds easily from a slight injury. –Metastasizes quickly –Treatment is excision and X-ray irradiation –Types of Skin Cancer (video clip)Types of Skin Cancer

31 Dermis Composed of connective tissue Contains a large supply of BV Contains accessory organs Cells are scattered far apart Contains collagen

32 Two Areas of Dermis Papillary Region Superficial to the epidermis. Composed of loose connective tissue. Finger-like projections or papillae that extend toward the epidermis Palms, fingers, soles and toes have contours on the surface due to papillae. –Friction Ridges - help hand or foot to grasp –Individual –Used as identification (Activity)

33 Two Areas of Dermis Reticular Region Deep, thicker region Composed of dense irregular connective tissue Skin wrinkles from aging and excessive exposure to UV light are a result of changes in the protein fibers. How Botox Works(Video Clip)How Botox Works Contains accessory organs Roots of hair Sebaceous glands Sweat glands Receptors Nails BV

34 Accessory Organs Hair Protects the skin from injury caused by sunlight and foreign particles. A region of epithelial tissue surrounding the root of a hair where the hair originates. Base of the hair follicle = bulb Each hair has two parts –Root - the part surrounded by the hair follicle –Shaft - the part that extends away from the body surface

35 Accessory Organs Hair Arrector Pili - small, narrow band of smooth muscle that extends at an angle from the follicle.Contraction of the muscle pulls the hair to a more verticle position when you are cold are frightened (goose bumps).

36 Hair Follicle Diagram

37 Accessory Organs Hair Developing cells are locate in the bulb and are near blood supply, as cells mature they are pushed toward surface and eventually die, and their cytoplasm is replaced by keratin. Shaft is made up entirely of dead cells composed mainly of keratin.

38 Accessory Organs Hair Hair grows about 1mm every 3 days ~100 hairs are lost and replaced each day in a normal adult scalp Dividing cells can become diseased by: –Infection, trauma, emotional stress, drugs, ionizing radiation,an inherited condition, or hormones.

39 Accessory Organs Hair Male pattern baldness is the result of producing the hormone androgen that causes a change in the growth, loss and replacement of hair.\ What Are the Odds? Baldness Hair color is from melanin and the amount produced decreases with age.

40 Accessory Organs Sebaceous Glands Oil glands Distributed throughout skin except in the palms and soles Secrete oily substance called sebum –Consists of water, fats, cholesterol, protein and salt –Keeps hair and skin soft –Production and secretion are accelerated by sex hormones –A plugged duct or swollen gland is called a blackhead - can lead to a pimple or boil if bacteria is present.

41 Accessory Organs Sweat Glands Sudoriferous Glands Secrete watery substance called sweat or perspiration Consists of water, salts, small amounts of a metabolic waste called urea Helps maintain body temperature Aids the kidneys in the elimination of metabolic waste Secreted into a duct that opens onto the skin = pore

42 Accessory Organs Sweat Glands Eccrine –Function throughout life and are widely distributed throughout the skin –They secrete a watery sweat in response to elevated body temperatures Apocrine –Begin functioning during puberty in response to the sex hormones –Secrete a thickened sweat that contains proteins which promote the growth of microorganisms.

43 Content to Add Hypothermia / Hyperthermia / Frostbite Burns Skin cancer UV lights- lab Color disorders viteligo, albino How stuff works.com = botox