A guide.

  Is a valuable tool to chemists  Gives a lot of information about the elements  Can be used to predict properties of elements The Periodic Table

  All the elements discovered to date!  92 naturally occurring elements  26 man-made elements What’s on the P.T.?

  In order of increasing atomic number!  With elements that have similar properties in the same column.  So what is with the 2 rows of elements at the bottom? Where do they fit in? How is the P.T. organized?

 This is where the 2 rows really belong. So why is it never shown there? It would make the P.T. too long to fit on a single page.

 Elements can be metals, nonmetals or metalloids.  Metals  Are lustrous (shiny)  Are good conductors of heat and electricity  Are ductile (able to be drawn into wire)  Are malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets  Malleability-  yNOak yNOak  Ductility-  Uii5v2I Uii5v2I

 Metals on the P.T. Metals

 Nonmetals on the P.T. Nonmetals

  Nonmetals  Are BRITTLE (shatter easily when hit) solids, or liquid or gas at room temperature  Are INSULATORS of heat and electricity  Solids are DULL S Cl

  Metalloids  Are between the metals and the nonmetals on the P.T.  Can have properties of both metals and nonmetals  There are 7 METALLOIDS-  Boron  Silicon  Germanium  Arsenic  Antimony  Tellurium  Polonium

  The vertical columns are called GROUPS or families.  All the elements in a group have similar chemical and physical properties!  There are 18 groups on the P.T.  Some are important enough to be named!  The horizontal rows are called PERIODS.  There are 7 periods on the P.T. Arrangement

 Alkali Metals – Group 1  Very reactive metals  React vigorously with water and oxygen in the air  Produce bases ( alkalis) when reacting with water

 Alkaline Earth Metals – Group 2  Reactive metals (but not as much as the alkali metals)  The “earth” part of the name comes from being found in compounds within rocks and minerals

 Halogens – Group 17  Are very reactive nonmetals  name means “salt former” & compounds made with halogens are called salts

 Noble Gases – Group 18  Are mostly nonreactive nonmetals  Before the 1960s they were considered completely nonreactive  Now we know they can be made to react a little

 Transition Metals – Groups  Are great conductors!

 Inner Transition Metals – the 2 lower rows on the P.T.  Are more reactive than the transition metals  Top row called the LANTHANIDES  Bottom row called the ACTINIDES

 Metalloids

  Elements in groups share similar chemical and physical properties.  These similarities can be used to predict trends among the elements on the P.T. Physical/Chemical Properties of Elements on the P.T.

 Periodic Trends of Elements – some definitions  Atomic radius  Considered to be half the distance between the nuclei of 2 of the same element bonded together

  Ionic Radius – same as an atomic radius but for ions  An ion – a positively or negatively charged atom made by gaining or losing electrons

  Ionization energy-  Energy needed to remove an electron from an atom to make it an ion  Metals usually give up electrons more easily than nonmetals do.

  The attraction an atom has for another element’s electrons Electronegativity

 Periodic Trends – the important 2 elements to remember

 Why these 2 elements?  Francium (Fr)  Largest atomic & ionic radius  Lowest ionization energy & electronegativity  Fluorine (F)  Smallest atomic & ionic radius  Highest ionization energy & electronegativity All trends can be figured out if you remember these 2 elements!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

 Periodic Trends