AIR POLLUTION IN ASIA Dr. Ashok Kumar, P.Eng. Professor & Chairman Department of Civil Engineering The University of Toledo.

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Presentation transcript:

AIR POLLUTION IN ASIA Dr. Ashok Kumar, P.Eng. Professor & Chairman Department of Civil Engineering The University of Toledo

COMMON AIR POLLUTANTS

Early 1990’s, SPM-Comparison Across Cities (Source: UNESCAP 2000) Annual Avg. (ug/m3)

Air Quality Levels Source: Information collected from national and local government agencies through CAI-Asia network, 2003, detailed sources available from CAI-Asia Secretariat SO2 NO2 SPM PM10 SPM Limit = 90 µg/m 3 (WHO, 1979) PM 10 Limit = 50 µg/m 3 (USEPA, 1997) SO 2 Limit = 50 µg/m 3 (WHO, 1999) NO 2 Limit = 40 µg/m 3 (WHO, 1999)

FACTORS INFLUENCING POLLUTION

POPULATION GROWTH

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

INCREASED VEHICULAR TRAFFIC

ECONOMIC GROWTH

POLLUTION TRENDS China India Sri Lanka

Trends - China

Trends - India

Changes in RSPM levels Delhi (ug/m 3 ) Kolkata (ug/m 3 ) Mumbai (ug/m 3 ) Hyderabad (ug/m 3 ) Chennai (ug/m 3 ) Average Average Reduction75 (29%) 66 (34%) 59 (42%) 3 (4%) 10 (14%)

Trends – Sri Lanka

CONTROL MEASURES Technology-Based Regulations –Hybrid Vehicles –Fuel Cell Vehicles –Hydrogen-Powered Internal-Combustion Engines –Ultra-Low Sulfur Fuels –Alternative Fuels Economic Instruments –Emission Trading –Congestion Pricing Policy Implementation

TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION

1328 industries closed or relocated in Lower S in diesel and other industrial fuel National Standard (Residential) Change in monitoring equipment ! Effects - India

Per Capita Income Pollution

Environmental Effects of Globalization A failure to account for environmental and social degradation A potential reduction in environmental and social standards Specialization which increases monocultures and decreases diversity Environmental damage caused by long-distance transport Export-oriented growth which exacerbates all of the above. Incompatibility with some environmental protection measures Increasing inequality between rich and poor countries, rich and poor people, and women and men, all of which also exacerbate poverty and environmental degradation