 Where – began in England because of its natural resources like coal and iron and the invention of the steam engine then spread to Europe and the U.S.  Enclosure Movement – fence in common fields to use land for raising sheep or mass producing food – puts small farmers out of business  Inventions – spinning jenny, steam engine (Watt), cotton gin (Whitney), process for making steel ( Besseme r), smallpox vaccine (Jenner), and rabies vaccine ( Pasteur)

 Population – increased (more food, better medicine, and healthier diets)  Standard of Living – increased (products became more affordable – machine made)  Working Conditions – long hours, dangerous, low pay, etc… + preferred women and children (pay them less)  Labor Unions – increase pay and improve working conditions + bargain with employers

 Urbanization – movement of people to cities (crowded and unsanitary conditions)  Environment – pollution  Transportation – faster ( railroad and steamboat)  Women – increased demands for s uffrage (right to vote)  Children – expansion of education

 Adam Smith – wrote Wealth of Nations  Laissez-faire economics – government does not interfere in the economy  Laws of supply and demand  Competition  Private ownership

 Government owns and operates major industries and small farms and businesses are privately owned

 Karl Marx wrote Communist Manifesto  Response to the injustices of capitalism (some people are poor while some are rich)  Redistribute wealth  Government owns and operates everything

 Definition - the domination by one country of the political, cultural, or economic life of another country  Colonies – most expensive + most control (ex. India was a colony of Great Britain)  Protectorates – leave local rulers in place but tell them what to do (ex. Egypt was a protectorate of Great Britain)

 Spheres of Influence - an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges + least restrictive (Ex. China)  America opened trade with Japan (gifts of technology)  Missionaries – Christianize the people of Africa and Asia  Suez Canal – shortcut between Europe and Asia  Industrial Revolution – created a new need for markets and raw materials

 Armed Conflicts – Boxer Rebellion + Opium War, etc…

 Militarism - European countries competed with one another to see which one could have the best army and navy  Alliances – Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire) vs. Allies (France, Britain, and Russia)  Imperialism – competition for colonies  Nationalism – people of the same ethnic background want a homeland

 Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand – spark that started the war  U.S. enters the war (1917) – unrestricted submarine warfare and Zimmerman note  Russia exits the war (1917) – Russian Revolution

 Woodrow Wilson – President of the U.S. (Fourteen Points/League of Nations)  Kaiser Wilhelm II – leader of Germany

 Colonies participated in the war – increased demands for independence (ex. India wanted independence from Great Britain)  End of Russian, Ottoman, German, and Austro-Hungarian Empires  Lots of destruction, lives lost, and social disruption  Treaty of Versailles – forced Germany to accept guilt for war and loss of territory + pay reparations + limited German military

 Peacekeeping o rganization established to prevent future wars  Failed organization – could not enforce its decisions  U.S. never joined League of Nations (isolated) – did not sign Treaty of Versailles

 France and Great Britain became mandatory powers in the Middle East  Divided Ottoman Empire into new countries (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Palestine)  British controlled Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan & France controlled Syria and Lebanon

 Defeat in war with Japan in 1905  Landless peasantry  Incompetence of Tsar Nicholas II (absolute monarchy)  Losing in World War I

 Led the Russian Revolution  New Economic Policy – goal (improve Russia’s economy) – socialism (meant to be temporary)

 Five Year Plan – goal (make Soviet Union a modern industrial power) – command econom y (government controls everything) – production improved while standard of living remained poor  Collectivization of Farms – no more private ownership – government farms or collectives (work as a group) - did not improve farm output (grain production grew slightly while meat, vegetables, and fruits remained in short supply)  Secret Police + Great Purge (destroy enemies)