Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.. Chapter 10 and 11 Nervous System Test Preparation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc..

Know the basic structure of a neuron Neurons are the structural and functional units. Neuroglial Cells surround the neuron Dendrites receive input Axons (nerve fibers) carry information away from the cell as nerve impulses

Know the direction and function of sensory and motor neurons. What is efferent and afferent?

Know the difference between the structures, functions and divisions of both the CNS and the PNS

Levels of Organization of the NERVOUS SYSTEM CNS (Brain and Spinal Chord) (Interneurons) PNS (Cranial Nerves & Spinal Nerves) Sensory (Input into CNS) (Afferent Neurons) Motor (Output from CNS) (Efferent Neurons) Somatic (Effectors: Skeletal Muscle) (Conscious Control) Autonomic (Effectors: Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Glands) (Unconscious Control) Parasympathetic (Homeostasis) (NT: Acetylcholine) Sympathetic (Fight or Flight) (NT: Norepinephrine)

Myelination of Axons Know how and why certain neurons are myelinated. Know what cell are involved in myelination. Know the structure of a myelinated neuron.

Classification of Neurons – Functional Classification Know the three different types of neurons, where they work and how they work.

Classification of Neuroglial Cells What is a neuroglial cell? What are the 4 types of neuroglial cells?

The Synapse Know the structure and basic functions of a synapse. What are the functions of neurotransmitters? How and under what circumstances are they released?

Nerve Impulse What is RMP? What ions are involved? What is an all or nothing response? What is hyperpolarization and depolarization? What is summation? What is a refractory period?

Synaptic Potentials What is an Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) and what happens to the postsynaptic neuron? What is an Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) and what happens to the postsynaptic neuron?

Meninges What are the 3 layers of the meniges? What are the locations and characteristics of each? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Skin Scalp Subcutaneous tissue Cranium Bone of skull Cerebrum Dural sinus (superior sagittal sinus) Tentorium cerebelli Arachnoid granulation Dura mater Cerebellum Arachnoid mater Meninges Vertebra Pia mater Spinal cord Subarachnoid space Falx cerebri Meninges Gray matter White matter Cerebrum (a) (b)

11.3: Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid Name the four (4) ventricles What is there basic function? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral ventricle (2) Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle To central canal of spinal cord (a) Interventricular foramen Lateral ventricle Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle To central canal of spinal cord (b)

Cerebrospinal Fluid What is its function? What happens to excess CSF? Where is it secreted What is its function? What happens to excess CSF? Arachnoid Granulations Or Villi Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Blood-filled dural sinus Choroid plexuses of third ventricle Pia mater Third ventricle Subarachnoid space Cerebral aqueduct Arachnoid mater Fourth ventricle Dura mater Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Central canal of spinal cord Pia mater Subarachnoid space Filum terminale Arachnoid mater Dura mater

11.4: Spinal Cord What are its basic functions? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Where does it begin and end? What are its basic functions? Brainstem Spinal cord Foramen magnum Cervical enlargement Vertebral canal Lumbar Conus medullaris Cauda equina Filum terminale (a) (b)

Reflex Arcs Know the two basic types of reflex arcs. 12 Unipolar Neuron 12

Reflex Arcs Usually same neuron (Unipolar)

General Components of a Spinal Reflex Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spinal cord Interneuron Dorsal 1 Receptor 3 Cell body of sensory neuron White matter 2 Sensory neuron Gray matter I m p u l s e 4 Ventral Central canal Motor neuron 5 Effector (muscle or gland) (b)

Patellar Reflex Example is the knee-jerk reflex Simple monosynaptic reflex (Simple Reflex) Helps maintain an upright posture & prevents overstretching Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Axon of sensory neuron Spinal cord Effector (quadriceps femoris muscle group) Cell body of sensory neuron Cell body of motor neuron Receptor associated with dendrites of sensory neuron Axon of motor neuron Patella Direction of impulse Patellar Tendon

Withdrawal Reflex Prevents or limits tissue damage (sensory-association-motor) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cell body of sensory neuron Axon of sensory neuron Direction of impulse Interneuron Spinal cord Effector (flexor muscle contracts and withdraws part being stimulated) Axon of motor neuron Cell body of motor neuron Dendrite of sensory neuron Pain receptor in skin Tack

Crossed Extensor Reflex Contralateral (on the other side) reflex Maintain balance Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Interneuron + = Stimulation – = Inhibition + – – + Sensory neuron Extensor relaxes Extensor contracts Flexor relaxes Motor neurons Motor neurons Flexor contracts 17

Tracts of the Spinal Cord Know the difference between ascending and descending tracts Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fasciculus gracilis Dorsal column Fasciculus cuneatus Posterior spinocerebellar tract Lateral corticospinal tract Lateral reticulospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Anterior spinocerebellar tract Lateral spinothalamic tract Anterolateral system Anterior spinothalamic tract Anterior reticulospinal tract Medial reticulospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract

Nervous System Subdivisions

11.6: Peripheral Nervous System Know the difference between cranial and spinal nerves and basic functions

Structure of a Peripheral Nerve Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fascicle Peripheral nerve Epineurium Motor neuron ending Axon Perineurium Endoneurium Node of Ranvier Sensory receptor Schwann cell Myelin sheath Neurilemma

Nerve and Nerve Fiber Classification Know the difference between sensory, motor and mixed nerves and the direction of nerve impulse conduction.

Nerve Fiber Classification Know the basic difference between General and Special fibers. Both efferent and afferent Somatic and visceral

Spinal Nerves Know that most spinal nerves are mixed Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Know that most spinal nerves are mixed Know how many pairs come form each region Posterior view C1 C2 C3 C4 Cervical nerves C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Thoracic nerves T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 L1 Cauda equina L2 L3 Lumbar nerves L4 L5 S1 S2 S3 Sacral nerves S4 S5 Co Coccygeal nerve

Spinal Nerves What part of the neuron comprises each? Know the basic structures of spinal nerves. What part of the neuron comprises each? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Dorsal root Dorsal branch of spinal nerve Dorsal root ganglion Ventral branch of spinal nerve Dorsal root Ventral root Posterior median sulcus Paravertebral ganglion Posterior horn Visceral branch of spinal nerve (b) Lateral horn Ventral branch of spinal nerve (ventral ramus) Anterior horn Dorsal branch of spinal nerve (dorsal ramus) Central canal Spinal nerve Anterior median fissure Paravertebral ganglion Visceral branch of spinal nerve Ventral root (a)

Dermatome What is Dermatome? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C2 C2 C3 C3 C4 C4 C5 C6 C5 C7 T1 T1 C8 C6 T1 T12 L1 T12 L5 S1 S2 L1 S3 S2 L2 S4 C6 S5 S3 C0 C7 L3 L1 L2 L4 C8 L3 L5 S1 L4 L5 (a) (b)

Nerve Plexuses Know the 3 nerve plexuses and where they innervate.

Plexuses Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Lumbosacral plexus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Posterior view C1 Cervical plexus C2 C3 (C1–C4) C4 C5 C6 Brachial plexus C7 C8 (C5–T1) Musculocutaneous nerve T1 T2 T3 Axillary nerve Radial nerve T4 Median nerve T5 Ulnar nerve T6 Phrenic nerve Intercostal nerves T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 L1 Cauda equina L2 L3 Lumbosacral plexus L4 Femoral nerve (T12–S5) L5 S1 S2 S3 Obturator nerve S4 S5 Co Sciatic nerve

11.5: Brain What are the major functions of the brain? What are the 4 major parts of the brain? What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum? What three structures make up the brainstem?

Structure of the Cerebrum Be able to name the basic structure of the cerebrum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Parietal lobe Gyrus Sulcus Frontal lobe Lateral sulcus Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Transverse fissure Cerebellar hemisphere (a) Central sulcus Parietal lobe Central sulcus Longitudinal fissure Occipital lobe Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Insula Occipital lobe Retracted temporal lobe (b) (c)

Lobes of the Cerebrum Five (5) lobes bilaterally: Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Insula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Frontal lobe Insula Retracted temporal lobe (c)

Functional Regions of the Cerebral Cortex What is the cerebral cortex? What is the basic function of each lobe? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Motor areas involved with the control of voluntary muscles Sensory areas involved with cutaneous and other senses Concentration, planning, problem solving Frontal eye field Parietal lobe Auditory area Sensory speech area ( Wernicke’s area) Front lobe Occipital lobe Motor speech area (Broca’s area) Combining visual images, visual recognition of objects Lateral sulcus Interpretation of auditory patterns Visual area Cerebellum Temporal lobe Brainstem

Functions of the Cerebral Lobes

Sensory Areas (post-central sulcus) Cutaneous sensory area Parietal lobe Interprets sensations on skin Sensory area for taste Near base of the central sulcus Sensory area for smell Arises from centers deep within the cerebrum Visual area Occipital lobe Interprets vision Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Motor areas involved with the control of voluntary muscles Sensory areas involved with cutaneous and other senses Concentration, planning, problem solving Frontal eye field Parietal lobe Auditory area Temporal lobe Interprets hearing Auditory area Sensory speech area ( Wernicke’s area) Front lobe Occipital lobe Motor speech area (Broca’s area) Combining visual images, visual recognition of objects Lateral sulcus Interpretation of auditory patterns Visual area Cerebellum Temporal lobe Brainstem

Association Areas What is the basic function of each? What are association areas? What is the basic function of each? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Motor areas involved with the control of voluntary muscles Sensory areas involved with cutaneous and other senses Concentration, planning, problem solving Frontal eye field Parietal lobe Auditory area Sensory speech area ( Wernicke’s area) Front lobe Occipital lobe Motor speech area (Broca’s area) Combining visual images, visual recognition of objects Lateral sulcus Visual area Interpretation of auditory patterns Cerebellum Temporal lobe Brainstem

Association Areas Frontal lobe association areas Concentrating Planning Complex problem solving Temporal lobe association areas Interpret complex sensory experiences Store memories of visual scenes, music, and complex patterns Parietal lobe association areas Understanding speech Choosing words to express thought Occipital lobe association areas Analyze and combine visual images with other sensory experiences

Hemisphere Dominance What is the dominant hemisphere in most humans? What does the dominant and dominant sides of the brain control?

Memory What is the basic differences between short and long term memory?

Brainstem Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hypothalamus Know the three structure of the brainstem and the functions that make them unique. Diencephalon Thalamus Corpus callosum Corpora quadrigemina Midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Pons Reticular formation Medulla oblongata Spinal cord

Types of Sleep What are the major differences between the two types of sleep?

Cerebellum What are its major functions? What is the cerebellum? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. What is the cerebellum? What are its major functions? Longitudinal fissure Corpus callosum Thalamus Superior peduncle Cerebellum Pons Middle peduncle Inferior peduncle Medulla oblongata

Major Parts of the Brain

Cranial Nerves Olfactory bulb Olfactory (I) Olfactory tract Optic (II) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Olfactory bulb Olfactory (I) Olfactory tract Optic (II) Optic tract Oculomotor (III) Trochlear (IV) Trigeminal (V) Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Abducens (VI) Hypoglossal (XII) Facial (VII) Vagus (X) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Accessory (XI)

Functions of Cranial Nerves

Sympathetic Division Fight or Flight 49

Parasympathetic Division Rest and Digest