MUSCULAR, NERVOUS AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS Controlling and Fueling your Body

Question:  Why can you only hold your breath for about a minute? What happens after that?

Respiratory System  mouth/nose, pharynx, trachea, lung, alveoli  Oxygen travels into lungs, and into alveoli where it is able to cross the alvioli’s membranes into your blood stream  At a cellular level, oxygen  mitochondria to allow cellular respiration to occur

Respiratory System  Diffusion!!!  oxygen must diffuse into your blood stream (go from high to low concentration), and carbon dioxide must diffuse OUT of your blood stream and into your lungs to be removed  Many things slow or prevent this diffusion from happening smoking, bronchitis, asthma

Feedback in the Respiratory System  Feedback- a way the body communicates with itself, telling you what you need  *Any time your body is reacting to a stimulus, either from within or from its outside environment, it is a form of FEEDBACK.  Nerve senses your need to get or remove carbon dioxide, tells brain to send a message to your diaphragm to increase breathing rates

Muscular System  Controls the movements of your body  skeletal muscle moves bones in body  cardiac muscle controls beating of the heart  smooth muscle controls involuntary movements ex- lining circulatory system or digestive system

Nervous System  Have components of human cells: cell membrane with protein channels nucleus Also have other parts axon nodes dendrites terminals

Nervous System  Central nervous system- Brain interprets internal/external stimuli and tells the body how to respond Spinal cord carries messages from the brain to the body to instruct responses to stimuli  Peripheral nervous system- sends messages to brain about stimuli in the environment sends messages from spinal cord to muscles to instruct movement

Central Nervous System

Nervous System In Action Nerves receive stimuli and send signal to brain. Signal travels from site up spinal cord to brain Brain sends message in response to stimulus, telling body how to react

Paralysis  A break in the spinal cord  Means that signals cannot be transmitted up/down the nervous system, so brain cannot communicate with body.  Severity depends on where the break happens.  Ex. Christopher Reeves  Ex. Buffalo Bill’s lifesaving EMTs.

Each neurotransmitter has a specific shape. Different nerves have different shaped receptors making them specific to receive messages from specific neurotransmitters. This means certain nerves only receive certain signals.

Help in control of muscular movement. Parkinson’s Disease Disease where dopamine receptors break down, so muscular movement cannot be controlled by body.  tremors.

Caffeine Caffeine releases a chemical that helps dopamine bind with cells by reducing the competition for binding sites Thus, dopamine is preventing you from sleeping due to the caffeine in your body

Control of appetite mood sleep aggression Antidepressants (SSRIs)- prevent body from absorbing serotonin  happy!

Ecstasy Taking “X” causes floods of neurotransmitters that give the drug its powerful effect This overflow damages serotonin-producing nerves!

Damages both serotonin and dopamine receptors when drinking, feel “right” due to flood of neurotransmitters when not drinking, all things affected by either transmitter seem “off”, so must drink more. more drinking = more damage  more need to drink  more damage

Produced by adrenal gland also called adrenaline causes sudden muscle tension fight or flight response in an emergency, prepares the body to fight or run

Question-  Explain addiction in terms of the receptor proteins on your nerves.

Your Job…  In a small group-  research your system  list the organs/tissues that are a part of your system  make an 8.5x11 informational poster to teach about your system and its functions