An Introduction to the Brain and Cranial Nerves

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Presentation transcript:

An Introduction to the Brain and Cranial Nerves Learning Outcomes Describe representative examples of cranial reflexes that produce somatic responses or visceral responses to specific stimuli.

14-10 Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves 12 pairs connected to brain Four Classifications of Cranial Nerves Sensory nerves: carriers of somatic sensory information, including touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain Special sensory nerves: carriers of sensations such as smell, sight, hearing, and balance Motor nerves: axons of somatic motor neurons Mixed nerves: mixture of motor and sensory fibers

14-10 Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Are classified by primary functions May also have important secondary functions Distributing autonomic fibers to peripheral ganglia The 12 cranial nerve groups are identified by: Primary function Origin Pathway Destination

Figure 14-19 Origins of the Cranial Nerves (Part 1 of 2). Olfactory bulb: termination of olfactory nerve (N I) Olfactory tract Optic nerve (N II) Infundibulum Oculomotor nerve (N III) Basilar artery Pons Vertebral artery Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord

Figure 14-19 Origins of the Cranial Nerves (Part 2 of 2). Optic chiasm Optic tract Mammillary body Trochlear nerve (N IV) Trigeminal nerve (N V) Abducens nerve (N VI) Facial nerve (N VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (N VIII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (N IX) Vagus nerve (N X) Hypoglossal nerve (N XII) Accessory nerve (N XI)

14-10 Cranial Nerves Olfactory Nerves (I) Primary function: Origin: Special sensory (smell) Origin: Receptors of olfactory epithelium Pathway: Olfactory foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid Destination: Olfactory bulbs

14-10 Cranial Nerves Olfactory Nerve Structures Olfactory bulbs Located on either side of crista galli Olfactory tracts Axons of postsynaptic neurons Leading to cerebrum

Figure 14-20 The Olfactory Nerve. Olfactory tract (to olfactory cortex of cerebrum) Left olfactory bulb (termination of olfactory nerve) Olfactory nerve (N I) Olfactory nerve fibers Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Olfactory epithelium

14-10 Cranial Nerves Optic Nerves (II) Primary function: Origin: Special sensory (vision) Origin: Retina of eye Pathway: Optic canals of sphenoid Destination: Diencephalon via optic chiasm

14-10 Cranial Nerves Optic Nerve Structures Optic chiasm Optic tracts Where sensory fibers converge And cross to opposite side of brain Optic tracts Reorganized axons Leading to lateral geniculate nuclei

Figure 14-21 The Optic Nerve. Eye Pituitary gland Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Optic nerve (N II) Optic chiasm Optic tract Lateral geniculate nucleus (in thalamus) Midbrain (cut) Visual cortex (in occipital lobes) Optic projection fibers

14-10 Cranial Nerves Oculomotor Nerves (III) Primary function: Origin: Motor (eye movements) Origin: Midbrain Pathway: Superior orbital fissures of sphenoid

14-10 Cranial Nerves Oculomotor Nerves (III) Destination: Somatic motor Superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles Inferior oblique muscle Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Visceral motor Intrinsic eye muscles

14-10 Cranial Nerves Oculomotor Nerve Structures Oculomotor nerve Controls four of six eye-movement muscles Delivers autonomic fibers to ciliary ganglion Ciliary ganglion controls intrinsic muscles of iris and lens

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Trochlear Nerves (IV) Primary function: Motor (eye movements) Origin: Midbrain Pathway: Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid Destination: Superior oblique muscle

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Abducens Nerves (VI) Primary function: Motor (eye movements) Origin: Pons Pathway: Superior orbital fissures of sphenoid Destination: Lateral rectus muscle

Figure 14-22 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extrinsic Eye Muscles. Superior rectus muscle Optic nerve (N II) Optic chiasm Oculomotor nerve (N III) Trochlear nerve (N IV) Superior oblique muscle Trochlea Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Trigeminal nerve (N V), cut Inferior oblique muscle Vestibulocochlear nerve (N VIII), cut Facial nerve (N VII), cut Inferior rectus muscle Medial rectus muscle Ciliary ganglion Lateral rectus muscle (cut) Abducens nerve (N VI)

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Trigeminal Nerves (V) Primary function: Mixed (sensory and motor) to face Origin: Ophthalmic branch (sensory) Orbital structures Nasal cavity Skin of forehead, upper eyelid, and eyebrow Part of nose

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Trigeminal Nerves (V) Origin: Maxillary branch (sensory) Lower eyelid Upper lip, gums, and teeth Cheek and nose Palate and part of pharynx

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Trigeminal Nerves (V) Origin: Mandibular branch (sensory) Lower gums, teeth, and lips Palate and part of tongue Mandibular branch (motor) Motor nuclei of pons

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Trigeminal Nerves (V) Pathway: Ophthalmic branch Superior orbital fissure Maxillary branch Foramen rotundum Mandibular branch Foramen ovale

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Trigeminal Nerves (V) Destination: Sensory nerves Sensory nuclei in pons Motor nerves of mandibular branch Muscles of mastication

14-10 Cranial Nerves Trigeminal Nerve Structures Trigeminal nerves Largest cranial nerves With three major branches Semilunar ganglion Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

Figure 14-23 The Trigeminal Nerve. Superior orbital fissure Ophthalmic branch Supraorbital nerves Semilunar ganglion Ciliary ganglion Pons Trigeminal nerve (N V) Foramen rotundum Maxillary branch Infraorbital nerve Foramen ovale Otic ganglion Lingual nerve Submandibular ganglion Mandibular branch Mental nerve Pterygopalatine ganglion

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Facial Nerves (VII) Primary function: Origin: Mixed (sensory and motor) to face Origin: Sensory Taste receptors on anterior 2/3 of tongue Motor Motor nuclei of pons Pathway: Internal acoustic meatus to facial canals (stylomastoid foramina)

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Facial Nerves (VII) Destination: Sensory Sensory nuclei of pons Somatic motor Muscles of facial expression Visceral motor Tear and nasal mucous glands Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

14-10 Cranial Nerves Facial Nerve Structures Facial nerve branches Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical branches

14-10 Cranial Nerves Facial Nerve Structures Geniculate ganglia Hold cell bodies of sensory neurons Pterygopalatine ganglia Postganglionic fibers innervate glands (lacrimal, nasal cavity, and pharynx) Submandibular ganglia Innervate salivary glands

Figure 14-24a The Facial Nerve. Pterygopalatine ganglion Greater petrosal nerve Geniculate ganglion Facial nerve (N VII) Temporal branch Pons Zygomatic branches Posterior auricular branch Buccal branch Stylomastoid foramen Chorda tympani nerve (with mandibular branch of N V) Mandibular branch Lingual branch (with lingual nerve of N V) Cervical branch Submandibular ganglion a The origin and branches of the facial nerve

Figure 14-24b The Facial Nerve. Temporal branch Zygomatic branch Buccal branch Mandibular branch Cervical branch b The superficial distribution of the five major branches of the facial nerve

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII) Primary function: Special sensory Vestibular branch Balance and equilibrium Cochlear branch Hearing

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII) Origin: Receptors of inner ear Pathway: Internal acoustic meatus of temporal bones Destination: Vestibular and cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata

14-10 Cranial Nerves Vestibulocochlear Nerve Structures Vestibular branch Originates at receptors of vestibule (balance) Connects to vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata Cochlear branch Originates at sensors of cochlea (hearing) Connects with cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata

Figure 14-25 The Vestibulocochlear Nerve. Tympanic cavity (middle ear) Semicircular canals Vestibular branch (N VIII) Facial nerve (N VII), cut Internal acoustic meatus Vestibulocochlear nerve (N VIII) N V Pons N VI N VII N IX N XII N X Medulla oblongata N XI Tympanic membrane Auditory tube Cochlea Cochlear branch (N VIII)

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX) Primary function: Mixed (sensory and motor) to head and neck

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX) Origins: Sensory Posterior 1/3 of tongue Part of pharynx and palate Carotid arteries Motor Motor nuclei of medulla oblongata

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX) Pathway: Jugular foramina between occipital and temporal bones Destination: Sensory Sensory nuclei of medulla oblongata Somatic motor Nerves involved in swallowing Visceral motor Parotid salivary gland

14-10 Cranial Nerves Glossopharyngeal Nerve Structures Superior and inferior ganglion Sensory neurons of tongue and pharynx Otic ganglion Synapse visceral motor fibers

Figure 14-26 The Glossopharyngeal Nerve. Pons N V N VII N VIII N VI Glossopharyngeal nerve (N IX) Otic ganglion Medulla oblongata Inferior (petrosal) ganglion Superior (jugular) ganglion Pharyngeal branches Lingual branch Parotid salivary gland Carotid sinus branch Carotid body Carotid sinus Common carotid artery

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Vagus Nerves (X) Primary function: Mixed (sensory and motor) Widely distributed in thorax and abdomen

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Vagus Nerves (X) Origins: Sensory Motor Part of pharynx Auricle and external acoustic meatus Diaphragm Visceral organs of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Motor Motor nuclei in medulla oblongata

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Vagus Nerves (X) Pathway: Jugular foramina Between occipital and temporal bones

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Vagus Nerves (X) Destination: Sensory Sensory nuclei and autonomic centers of medulla oblongata Visceral motor Muscles of the palate and pharynx Muscles of the digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems in thoracic and abdominal cavities

14-10 Cranial Nerves Vagus Nerve Structures Vagus nerves Branch and radiate extensively Superior (jugular) ganglion and inferior (nodose) ganglion Hold sensory neurons

Figure 14-27 The Vagus Nerve (Part 1 of 2). Pharyngeal branch Vagus nerve (N X) Pons Medulla oblongata Auricular branch to external ear Superior ganglion of vagus nerve Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve Pharyngeal branch Superior laryngeal nerve Internal branch Superior laryngeal nerve External branch

Figure 14-27 The Vagus Nerve (Part 2 of 2). Recurrent laryngeal nerve Cardiac branches Cardiac plexus Right lung Left lung Liver Anterior vagal trunk Spleen Stomach Celiac plexus Pancreas Colon Small intestine Hypogastric plexus

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Accessory Nerves (XI) Primary function: Motor to muscles of neck and upper back Origin: Motor nuclei of spinal cord and medulla oblongata

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Accessory Nerves (XI) Pathway: Destination: Jugular foramina between occipital and temporal bones Destination: Internal branch Voluntary muscles of palate, pharynx, and larynx External branch Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

14-10 Cranial Nerves Accessory Nerve Structures Spinal root Motor fibers that originate in anterior gray horns of first five cervical segments of spinal cord Cranial root Motor fibers that originate in medulla oblongata

14-10 Cranial Nerves Accessory Nerve Structures Internal branch Joins the vagus nerve External branch Controls muscles of neck and back

14-10 Cranial Nerves The Hypoglossal Nerves (XII) Primary function: Motor (tongue movements) Origin: Motor nuclei of medulla oblongata Pathway: Hypoglossal canals of occipital bone Destination: Muscles of tongue

Figure 14-28 The Accessory and Hypoglossal Nerves. Hypoglossal nerve (N XII) Trigeminal nerve (N V) Accessory nerve (N XI) Medulla oblongata Cranial root of N XI Internal branch: to palatal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal muscles with vagus nerve Spinal root of N XI Intrinsic muscles of tongue Styloglossus muscle External branch of N XI Genioglossus muscle Geniohyoid muscle Spinal cord Hyoglossus muscle Hyoid bone Trapezius muscle Thyrohyoid muscle Sternocleidomastoid muscle Sternohyoid muscle Ansa cervicalis (cervical plexus) Sternothyroid muscle Omohyoid muscle

Table 14-4 Cranial Nerve Branches and Functions (Part 1 of 2).

Table 14-4 Cranial Nerve Branches and Functions (Part 2 of 2).

14-10 Cranial Reflexes Cranial Reflexes Monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs Involve sensory and motor fibers of cranial nerves Clinically useful to check cranial nerve for brain damage

Table 14-5 Cranial Reflexes.