The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750-1914 Ch 28 Pg 622

Age of Revolution Intellectual change + commercial growth+ population pressure = shattering of placid politics, series of revolutions

Forces of Change Enlightenment thinkers challenged the existing regimes. Cultural change + commercialization  stirred the economy Population revolution – 50-100% increases! Effects on aristocracy protoindustrialization

American Revolution

French Revolution - 1789

Conservative Settlement & the Revolutionary Legacy Congress of Vienna (1815) – peace settlement between Bonaparte & surrounding countries Conservatives – wanted a restoration of monarchy Liberals focused on issues of the political structure Radicals – accepted most liberal demands, but also wanted wider voting rights Democracy! Socialism! Nationalists allied with liberalism or radicalism – urged the importance of national unity & glory

Greek revolution – 1820 – against the Ottoman rule Key to eventual fall of Ottoman Empire in Balkans Rebellion in Spain – 1820 Revolution in France – 1830 Belgian Revolution – 1830

Reform (not revolution) Britain – Reform Bill of 1832, gave parliamentary vote to most middle-class men United States – Universal male suffrage (except for slaves) 1830s – many European nations had solid parliaments guarantees for individual rights against arbitrary state action religious freedom democratic voting system

Consolidation of the Industrial Order Railroads & canals linked cities  industrialization & urbanization Majority living in cities (1st time in history) Sanitation improved Death rates fell below birth rates Efficient police forces Social control … more disciplined population

Industrial Life Majority living above subsistence level Revolution in children’s health Infant mortality rates dropped Better hygiene Corporations increased in western Europe Stock-holder Unions & strikes Peasant protests declined Cooperatives Isolation of village life declines

Political Trends, New Nations Political leaders worked to reduce the need for political revolution Compromise on both sides (liberal / conservative) Disraeli, di Cavour, von Bismarck Force of nationalism … no longer radical Italy united  reduce the political power of the Pope Prussia expands, leading to outright German unity American Civil War Parlimentary systems, democracies (of sorts)

Social Questions, New Gov’t Functions Schooling expanded Civil service systems expanded Schools encouraged social agendas, nationalism, superiority of one’s language/history Wider welfare measures Socialism, Karl Marx – vilifies capitalism, socialism seen as ideological purity Feminism – legal & economic gains

Cultural transformations Consumption! Leisure! (western) Growth of white collar labor force Newspapers, theatres, revues, etc. Team sports More impulsive side to popular outlook – display of passion!

Science & Arts New activity was secular Rationalism continues Practical application of sci / tech Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud Romanticism in art – emphasis of artistic value, glorified the irrational; emotion & impression, not reason & generalization Seurat (sci applied to art)

Western Settler Societies Production of goods, need new markets, need raw materials Industrialization & practical application – military tech Rapid Western expansion through Africa, SE Asia, China, MidEast.

Rise of US 1823: Monroe Doctrine 1803: LA purchase 1840s “new” immigration 1861-65: Civil War – turning point Dichotomy between N/S, values, national unity Accelerated industrialization, RR, canals, agricultural productivity Diplomacy not particularly influential outside of the Western Hemisphere

Canada, Australia, NZ Immigration filled these places Parliamentary legislatures Commercial economies Modeled after West, not nec unique in culture Canada: French / English Economies more dependent on Europe than US’ Same basic patterns of civilization, politics, culture, leisure.

WW1: war of ism’s Nationalism, Militarism, Imperialism Entangling Alliances Diplomatic tensions Triple Alliance: Germany, Austial-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France Balkan nationalism