The French Revolution

Absolute monarchs didn’t share power with a counsel or parliament “Divine Right of Kings” Absolutism King James I of England

The Seigneurial System Feudal method of land ownership and organization Peasant labor Receiving a seigneurial grant

Ruled from 1643–1715 Reduced the power of the nobility Fought four wars Greatly increased France’s national debt Louis XIV

Louis XV War fought in Europe, India, North America France ends up losing some of its colonial possessions Increases French national debt The Seven Years’ War French and English troops fight at the battle of Fort St. Philip on the island of Minorca

First Estate: clergy Second Estate: nobility Third Estate: the rest of society The Estates General The Three Estates Cartoon depicting the three Estates

Taxation Crop failures The Third Estate

New ideas about society and government The social contract The Enlightenment John Locke Jean-Jacques Rousseau

France supported the colonists against Great Britain Revolutionary ideals The American Revolution Marquis de Lafayette

Jacques Necker Tax on property Recommended a calling of the Estates General Financial Crisis Finance Minister Jacques Necker

One vote per estate Clergy and nobility usually joined together to outvote the Third Estate Met in Versailles in May 1789 Voting controversy The Estates General A meeting of the Estates General

The Third Estate took action and established its own government On June 17, 1789, the National Assembly was formed The National Assembly

Louis XVI ordered the Third Estate locked out of the National Assembly’s meeting hall The Tennis Court Oath - agreed to meet until constitution The king reverses his position Artist Jacques Louis David’s depiction of the Tennis Court Oath Confrontation With the King

Rioting in Paris in early July Firing of Necker July 14th: a mob storms and takes the Bastille Storming of the Bastille

Rebellion spreads Peasants destroy the countryside End of feudal privileges The Great Fear

Adopted by National Assembly on August 27th Enlightenment ideals Outlined basic freedoms held by all Asserted the sovereignty of the people “ Libert é, Egalit é, Fraternit é” The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Lower classes still unsatisfied Thousands of starving women and peasants march on Versailles Louis forced to return to Paris The March of Women

Financial crisis National Assembly confiscates and sells off church lands Church also secularized, reorganized Clergy oath of loyalty Civil Constitution of the Clergy Cartoon depicting the confiscation of Church lands

Émigrés-French nobility Louis XVI and his family attempted to flee France They were arrested at Varennes Flight of the King The capture of Louis XVI at Varennes

Declaration of Pillnitz- Austria & Prussia Possible foreign intervention Reaction from Other Countries Illustration depicting Prussian King Frederick William III, Austrian Emperor Leopold II, and the Comte d’Artois, Louis XVI’s brother

New Constitution Constitutional monarchy New Legislative Assembly Sans-culottes Painting depicting the 1791 constitution

War With Austria France declares war War of the First Coalition Levee en masse Painting of the Battle of Valmy, 1792

Paris mob stormed Tuileries Louis and family seek aid of Legislative Assembly Arrested and deposed The Radicals Take Over Paris crowds storm the Tuileries

First met on September 21, 1792 Revolutionary Calendar Monarchy abolished; France officially becomes a republic Factions: Jacobins vs. Girondins The National Convention A Jacobin club

Jean-Paul Marat Georges Danton Leaders in the National Convention

Lawyer Radical Jacobin Most controversial figure of the French Revolution Robespierre

The Guillotine Dr. Joseph Guillotin Intended as a more humane method of execution Thousands guillotined during the French Revolution

On January 17, 1793, Louis XVI was convicted of treason He went to the guillotine four days later on January 21, 1793 Execution of the King

Created to cease an internal rebellion in 1793 Given dictatorial power Ruled France for nearly a year The Committee of Public Safety A citizen petitions the Committee of Public Safety

July 1793– July 1794 Executions Death of Robespierre because he was too radical The Reign of Terror The execution of Marie Antoinette

Robespierre overthrown on 9 Thermidor Committee of Public Safety dismantled Jacobin clubs disbanded New constitution adopted in August 1795 Executive branch known as the Directory The Thermidorean Reaction 9 Thermidor meeting of the National Convention

Promoted middle class interests Financial crisis Food shortages Riots in Paris Rise of Napoleon The Directory Cartoon depicting the errors and bad judgment of the Directory

Popularity rises after victories over the Austrians Conflict with Britain 1799 Coup d’etat The Consulate Napoleon Bonaparte

1804: Napoleon crowns himself emperor Napoleon Becomes Emperor

Legacies of the French Revolution End of absolutism Power of nobles ended Peasants became landowners Nationalism Enlightenment ideals

Napoleon’s Rise to Power aEarlier military career  the Italian Campaigns aEarlier military career  the Italian Campaigns:   he conquered most of northern Italy for France, and had developed a taste for governing.  In northern Italy, he moved to suppress religious orders, end serfdom, and limit age-old noble privilege. aEarlier military career  the Italian Campaigns aEarlier military career  the Italian Campaigns:   he conquered most of northern Italy for France, and had developed a taste for governing.  In northern Italy, he moved to suppress religious orders, end serfdom, and limit age-old noble privilege.

Napoleon’s Rise to Power aEarlier military career  the Egyptian Campaign:  1798  he was defeated by a British navy under Admiral Horatio Nelson, who destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile.  Abandoning his troops in Egypt, Napoleon returned to France and received a hero’s welcome! aEarlier military career  the Egyptian Campaign:  1798  he was defeated by a British navy under Admiral Horatio Nelson, who destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile.  Abandoning his troops in Egypt, Napoleon returned to France and received a hero’s welcome!

Europe in 1800

Napoleon as “First Consul” aWith the government in disarray, Napoleon launched a successful coup d’ etat on November 9, aHe proclaimed himself “First Consul” [Julius Caesar’s title] and did away with the elected Assembly [appointing a Senate instead].  In 1802, he made himself sole “Consul for Life.”  Two years later he proclaimed himself “Emperor.” aWith the government in disarray, Napoleon launched a successful coup d’ etat on November 9, aHe proclaimed himself “First Consul” [Julius Caesar’s title] and did away with the elected Assembly [appointing a Senate instead].  In 1802, he made himself sole “Consul for Life.”  Two years later he proclaimed himself “Emperor.”

The Government of the Consulate aCouncil of State  Proposed the laws.  Served as a Cabinet & the highest court. aTribunate  Debated laws, but did not vote on them. aLegislature  Voted on laws, but did not discuss or debate them. aSenate  Had the right to review and veto legislation. aCouncil of State  Proposed the laws.  Served as a Cabinet & the highest court. aTribunate  Debated laws, but did not vote on them. aLegislature  Voted on laws, but did not discuss or debate them. aSenate  Had the right to review and veto legislation.

Concordat of 1801 aNapoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic Church that had developed after the confiscation of Church property and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. aBut, Napoleon’s clear intent was to use the clergy to prop up his regime. aNapoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic Church that had developed after the confiscation of Church property and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. aBut, Napoleon’s clear intent was to use the clergy to prop up his regime.

Concordat of 1801 in Detail aCatholicism was declared official religion of France aPapal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution. aBishops subservient to the regime. aEventually, Pope Pius VII renounced the Concordat, and Napoleon had him brought to France and placed under house arrest. aCatholicism was declared official religion of France aPapal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution. aBishops subservient to the regime. aEventually, Pope Pius VII renounced the Concordat, and Napoleon had him brought to France and placed under house arrest.

Code Napoleon, 1804 aIt divides civil law into:  Personal status.  Property.  The acquisition of property. aIt divides civil law into:  Personal status.  Property.  The acquisition of property. aIts purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution. aCreate one law code for France. aIts purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution. aCreate one law code for France.

Haitian Independence, Toussaint L’Ouverture took advantage of a weak French state and revolted in Haiti.

Louisiana Purchase, 1803 $15,000,000 in 1803 = $200,000,000 today!

Napoleonic Europe

Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: Fr. Navy lost!)  BritainFrance  1805: Sea Power

Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns  Britain Austria Russia (3 rd Coalition) France  1805: -Danube -Italy eULM: France defeated Austria. eAUSTERLITZ: France defeated Austria & Russia. eULM: France defeated Austria. eAUSTERLITZ: France defeated Austria & Russia. Crowned “King of Italy” on May 6, 1805

Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns JENA: French Troops in Berlin! BERLIN DECREES (“Continental System”)  Prussia France  1806: Confed. of the Rhine 4th Coalition created

The Continental System aGOAL  to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe. aBerlin Decrees (1806)  British ships were not allowed in European ports. a“Order in Council” (1806)  Britain proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. aMilan Decree (1807)  Napoleon proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. aThese edicts eventually led to the United States declaring war on Britain  WAR OF aGOAL  to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe. aBerlin Decrees (1806)  British ships were not allowed in European ports. a“Order in Council” (1806)  Britain proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. aMilan Decree (1807)  Napoleon proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. aThese edicts eventually led to the United States declaring war on Britain  WAR OF 1812.

The Continental System

Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns Grand Duchy of Warsaw FRIEDLAND: France defeated Russian troops : France occupied Konigsberg, capital of East Prussia!  Russia France  1806: Poland

Peninsular Campaign: ePortugal did not comply with the Continental System. eFrance wanted Spain’s support to invade Portugal. eSpain refused, so Napoleon invaded Spain as well!  Spain Portugal France  1806: Continental System

“The Spanish Ulcer” aNapoleon tricked the Spanish king and prince to come to France, where he imprisoned them. aHe proclaimed his brother, Joseph, to be the new king of Spain. aHe stationed over 100,000 Fr troops in Madrid. aOn May 2, 1808 [Dos de Mayo] the Spanish rose up in rebellion. aFr troops fired on the crowd in Madrid the next day [Tres de Mayo]. aNapoleon tricked the Spanish king and prince to come to France, where he imprisoned them. aHe proclaimed his brother, Joseph, to be the new king of Spain. aHe stationed over 100,000 Fr troops in Madrid. aOn May 2, 1808 [Dos de Mayo] the Spanish rose up in rebellion. aFr troops fired on the crowd in Madrid the next day [Tres de Mayo].

“The Spanish Ulcer” aNapoleon now poured 500,00 troops into Spain over the next few years. aBut, the Fr generals still had trouble subduing the Spanish population. aThe British viewed this uprising as an opportunity to weaken Napoleon.  They moved an army into Portugal to protect that country and to aid the Spanish guerillas. aAfter 5 long years of savage fighting, Fr troops were finally pushed back across the Pyrennes Mountains out of Spain. aNapoleon now poured 500,00 troops into Spain over the next few years. aBut, the Fr generals still had trouble subduing the Spanish population. aThe British viewed this uprising as an opportunity to weaken Napoleon.  They moved an army into Portugal to protect that country and to aid the Spanish guerillas. aAfter 5 long years of savage fighting, Fr troops were finally pushed back across the Pyrennes Mountains out of Spain. The Surrender of Madrid May, 1809 by Goya

Napoleon’s Empire in 1810

Napoleon’s Family Rules! eJerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia. eJoseph Bonaparte  King of Spain eLouise Bonaparte  King of Holland ePauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy eNapoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son)  King of Rome eElisa Bonaparte  Grand Duchess of Tuscany eCaroline Bonaparte  Queen of Naples

Napoleon’s Family & Friends/Allies

The “Big Blunder” -- Russia aThe retreat from Spain came on the heels of Napoleon’s disastrous Russian Campaign ( ). aIn July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of 614,000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia.  The Russians avoided a direct confrontation with Napoleon.  They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of Russia [hoping that it’s size and the weather would act as “support” for the Russian cause].  The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped of food. aThe retreat from Spain came on the heels of Napoleon’s disastrous Russian Campaign ( ). aIn July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of 614,000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia.  The Russians avoided a direct confrontation with Napoleon.  They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of Russia [hoping that it’s size and the weather would act as “support” for the Russian cause].  The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped of food.

Napoleon’s Troops at the Gates of Moscow aSeptember 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned. aThe Russians had set fire to the city. aSeptember 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned. aThe Russians had set fire to the city.

Russian General Kutuzov The Russian army defeated the French at Borodino.

Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813) 100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!

The 6 th Coalition  Britain, Russia. Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states France  : Napoléon’s Defeat

Battle of Dresden (Aug., 26-27, 1813) Battle of Dresden (Aug., 26-27, 1813) eCoalition  Russians, Prussians, Austrians. eNapoléon’s forces regrouped with Polish reinforcements. e100,000 coalition casualties; 30,000 French casualties. eFrench victory. eCoalition  Russians, Prussians, Austrians. eNapoléon’s forces regrouped with Polish reinforcements. e100,000 coalition casualties; 30,000 French casualties. eFrench victory.

Napoleon’s Defeat at Leipzig (October 16-17, 1813) “Battle of the Nations” Memorial

Napoleon Abdicates! eAllied forces occupied Paris on March 31, eNapoléon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. eNapoléon abdicated again on April 11. eTreaty of Fontainbleau  exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. eThe royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne. eAllied forces occupied Paris on March 31, eNapoléon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. eNapoléon abdicated again on April 11. eTreaty of Fontainbleau  exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. eThe royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne.

Napoleon’s Abdication

Napoleon in Exile on Elba

Louis XVIII (r )

“The War of the 7 th Coalition”  Britain, Russia. Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states France  1815: Napoleon’s “100 Days” eNapoléon escaped Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815  the beginning of his 100 Days. eMarie Louise & his son were in the hands of the Austrians. eNapoléon escaped Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815  the beginning of his 100 Days. eMarie Louise & his son were in the hands of the Austrians.

Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo (June 18, 1815) Duke of Wellington GB Prussian General Blücher

Napoleon on His Way to His Final Exile on St. Helena

Napoleon’s Residence on St. Helena

Napoleon’s Tomb

Hitler Visits Napoleon’s Tomb June 28, 1940