What You’ll Learn 1.Organisms are living things. 3.There are two main types of cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Day 1 2.All organisms are made of one or more cells.

So, what is a cell? A cell is the basic unit and structure of life. They make up all living things.

Cells Perform the activities that keep a living thing alive. The cell itself is a living thing. Cells can make more cells like themselves.

Cells come in all shapes and sizes.

Cells are very tiny.

What type of lab equipment would allow you to see these things? A special type of microscope called a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Can you guess what these images are?

Cells are microscopic

So, how were cells discovered?

The History of the Cell Theory What invention was most important in disproving this idea? Microscopes! They allow you to see cells that were once unknown! Scientists now know what causes disease. Do you? Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists. Long ago people thought that diseases were caused by spirits and curses!

The Scientists 1.Anton van Leeuwenhoek – a)1 st person to record looking at water under a simple microscope living b)1 st to look at living cells c)Invented over 200 microscopes during the 1700’s

Anton von Leewenhoek Leeuwenhoek’s microscope Anton von Leewenhoek Described algae like this Spirogyra in his journals.

The Scientists Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. Invented 1 st compound microscope in The compound microscope had very crude lenses that magnified objects cork Looked at cork and called “cells” these “cells” 2. Robert Hooke

Robert Hooke Hooke’s microscope Robert Hooke Hooke’s drawing of cork cells

The cell theory is made up of three main ideas: All cells come from preexisting cells. The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. C. The Cell Theory

Let’s take notes. Divide a piece of paper in your journal into two columns. Label one side Prokaryotic Cells and the other Eukaryotic Cells. Draw a diagram or paste a diagram of each cell into the proper column on the page. Add key facts

Prokaryotic Cell Diagram No Nucleus

Cells that do not contain internal membrane-bound structures are called prokaryotic cells. Two Basic Cell Types Click here A. PROKARYOTIC 1.Unicellular (1 cell) 2.Do not have a true nucleus only a circular piece of DNA 3.Do not have organelles (have ribosomes) 4.Have a cell wall some surrounded by a slimy capsule 5.Usually move using method of locomotion requiring flagella or cilia 6.Size = 0.1 μm - 10 μm 7.Found only in the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Eukaryotic Cell Diagram Nucleus

Cells containing membrane-bound structures are called eukaryotic cells. Two Basic Cell Types Click here B. EUKARYOTIC 1.“Eu-” means true - Have a true nucleus that contains long strands of DNA 2.Can be unicellular or multicellular organelles 3.Have double membrane-bound organelles. more complex 4.Found in more complex and larger organisms 5.Size = 10  m  m 6.Found in the kingdoms Protist, Fungi, Plant, & Animal

Day 2 Objectives: Compare and Contrast Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Identify cell parts common to eukaryotic cells.

There are TWO types of cells! 1.Read the handout on cell types. 2.What are the two main types of cells? 3.Use the Venn diagram to compare/contrast the two cell. READING IS FUNDAMENTAL!!

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Prokaryoti c Eukaryotic Plant and animal Unicellular or multicellular unicellular nuclues Complex, organelles are present Bacteria No nuclues simple cells

Cell Parts All cells have certain parts. cytoplasm Genetic material membrane

Let’s take notes! Your teacher will provide you with a model of a cell to place in your journal. Let’s label the common parts to eukaryotic cells-plant and animal.

The membrane-bound structures within eukaryotic cells Each has a specific function that contributes to cell survival. Parts of a Cell Organelles Separation of organelles into distinct compartments benefits the eukaryotic cells. The nucleus is the central membrane-bound organelle that manages cellular functions. 8

This eukaryotic cell from an animal has distinct membrane-bound organelles that allow different parts of the cell to perform different functions. 4. Cell membrane 1. Nucleus 2. Nucleolus 3. Chromosomes 5. Organelles Chapter Assessment

Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Mitochondrion Vacuole Animal Cell Organelles

1. Cell membrane Function –controls what enters/leaves the cell - selectively permeable membrane –maintains homeostasis (stability) Cellular Boundaries

The cell wall of plants 2.cell wall Structure fairly rigid structure located outside the cell membrane Function provides additional support and protection.

B. Nucleus and cell control Located near the center of the cell Home of the chromosomes, genetic material Control center, directs cell activity

Vacuoles and storage Vacuoles Structure - membrane-bound sacs Notice any differences between vacuoles in plant and animal cells? Function used for temporary storage of materials like water and carbohydrates. Vacuole Animal Cell Plant Cell

Chloroplasts and energy (plant cell organelle) Structure Outer membrane with stacks of membranes filled with chlorophyll, the green pigment that gives leaves and stems their color Function Conducts photosynthesis: CO 2 + H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 capture light energy and converts it into food to store for a later time.

Mitochondria and energy Structure Outer membrane with highly folded inner membrane Found in both plant and animal cells Function Conducts cellular respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP transforms the stored energy in food (glucose) into energy for the cell (ATP).

A prokaryotic cell does not have internal organelles surrounded by a membrane. Most of a prokaryote’s metabolism takes place in the cytoplasm. 1. Ribosomes 2. DNA 3. Plasma membrane 4. Cell wall Chapter Assessment

Let’s Quiz Life science is awesome

Question 1 What makes this cell eukaryotic? A. Because it has a cell wall. B. Because it contains DNA. C. Because it has membrane-bound organelles. D. Because it does not have DNA. QUIZ

Plasma membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Chromosomes Organelles Question 1 The Answer is C. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles that have specific functions in the cell; prokaryotic cells do not.

What is the primary function of the cell wall? Question 2 D. acquire nutrients from environment C. control activity of organelles B. provide support A. act as selectively permeable membrane QUIZ

The answer is B. It provides support.

What is the function of structure C? A It produces ribosomes. B It synthesizes proteins. C It regulates the transport of materials. D It controls the energy released in respiration Question 3

The correct answer is D. The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. It transforms energy into a useable form for the cells. Question 3

Which structure controls what enters and exits the cell? A cell membrane B cell wall C chloraplasts D mitochondria Question 4

The answer is A. The cell membrane keeps unwanted substances on the outside of the cell, while holding needed materials such as water inside. Question 4

Question 5 DNA Plasma membrane Cell wall What type of cell is this? Ribosomes A prokaryoytic B eukaryotic C animal D plant

The answer is A. The cell does not have a nuclueas or membrane bound organelles. Question 5

Cells have organelles that work to help the cell function. 1.Read pages in Gateways text book. 2.What cell parts are found in plants but not animals? 3.Are animal cells and plant cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells? Explain. 4.What are some structural differences between animal cells and plant cells? 5.Where can the genetic material be found? READING IS FUNDAMENTAL!!

Chapter Summary – Section 1 The cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of organization, all organisms are made up of one or more cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells. Main Ideas Microscopes enabled biologists to see cells and develop the cell theory. Summary

Cells are classified as prokaryotic and eukaryotic based on whether or not they have a nucleus. Main Ideas Continued Using electron microscopes, scientists can study cell structure in detail. Chapter Summary – Section 1

Main Ideas Continued Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles, are enclosed by a cell membrane, and some have a cell wall that provides support and protection. Chapter Summary – Section 2

Main Ideas Continued Mitochondria break down food molecules to release energy. Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy. Chapter Summary – Section 3

Chapter Assessment Question 1 Which of the following is a main idea of the cell theory? D. All cells come from preexisting cells. C. All cells come from two parent cells. B. The organelle is the basic unit structure and organization of organisms. A. All organisms are composed of one cell.

Chapter Assessment The answer is D. The cell theory states that a cell divides to form two identical cells.

Chapter Assessment Question 2 In what type of cell would you find chlorophyll? D. fungus C. plant B. animal A. prokaryote

Chapter Assessment The answer is C. Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

Chapter Assessment Question 3 Which of these structures is the control center of the cell? A. B. C. D.

Chapter Assessment Answer A depicts the nuclues.

Chapter Assessment Question 4 What is the difference between the cell wall and the cell membrane? Cell wall Cell membrane Inside cell Outside cell

Chapter Assessment The cell membrane is a flexible boundary between the cell and its environment that controls the supply of nutrients, waste, and other products entering and leaving the cell. The cell wall is a rigid structure found in plant cells that provides support and protection but does not select which molecules can enter or leave the cell. Cell wall Plasma membrane Inside cell Outside cell

Chapter Assessment Question 5 Which of the following structures is found in both plant and animal cells? D. thylakoid membrane C. mitochondrion B. cell wall A. chloroplast

Chapter Assessment The answer is C. Mitochondria are the organelles in both plant and animal cells that transform energy for the cell.