CELLS ARE NOT JUST IN PRISONS © T.P. Thould May 1999

National Curriculum Statements linked to this Unit 1a That animal and plant cells can form tissues and tissues can form organs 1bThe functions of chloroplasts and cell walls in plant cells and the functions of cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus in both plant and animal cells 1c ways in which some cells including ciliated epithelial cells, sperm, ova and root hair cells are adapted to their functions. 1d that fertilisation in humans and flowering plants is the fusion of the male and female cell 1eTo relate cells and cell functions to life processes in a variety of organisms.

CELLS Cells are the smallest unit of life which can perform the seven characteristics of living things. Every Plant and Animal is made up of cells Different cells are adapted to do different jobs in the bodies of plants and animals. These are called SPECIALISED CELLS

LIVING THINGS Every living thing - plant and animal have eight common features (characteristics). These eight characteristics are shared by all living things. They must have all eight characteristics to be called a living thing.

THE EIGHT CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS 1Movement 2Respiration 3Sensitivity 4Cells MRSCFERG 5Feeding 6Excretion 7Reproduction 8Growth Test

THE EIGHT CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS MRSCFERG

1Movement - find food, escape, etc.. 2Respiration - for energy 3Sensitivity - detect stimuli 4Cells - to form the body tissues and organs that can carry out the other seven life processes. 5Feeding - for growth and repair 6Excretion - get rid of waste 7Reproduction - survival of the species 8Growth - to mature, to repair

BY NOW YOU SHOULD KNOW….. That all living things must have some characteristics in common How many characteristics of living things there are What the characteristics of living things are

AN ANIMAL CELL CELL MEMBRANE CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS E.g. A cheek lining cell

AN CELL E.g. A cheek lining cell 1 3 2

A PLANT CELL NUCLEUSCYTOPLASM CELL MEMBRANE CELLULOSE CELL WALL CHLOROPLASTS VACUOLE E.g. A Palisade Leaf Cell Test

A CELL E.g. A Palisade Leaf Cell

COMMON STRUCTURES Plant and animal cells have the same three structures in common, what are they? What other structures does the plant cell have that the animal cell does not? N

COMMON STRUCTURES Plant and animal cells have the same three structures in common:- Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell Membrane

COMMON STRUCTURES Plant and animal cells have the same three structures in common:-

A PLANT CELL Cell Wall Chloroplasts Large Vacuole These parts are only found in plant cells.

A PLANT CELL These parts are only found in plant cells.

PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS COMPARED Plant Cells Animal Cells Have a nucleus Have a cell membrane Have cytoplasm Have a nucleus Have a cell membrane Have cytoplasm Can have chloroplasts Have cellulose cell walls Have large vacuoles which contain cell sap Regular in shape Never have chloroplasts No cell wall May have small food vacuoles Irregular in shape

PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS COMPARED Plant CellsAnimal Cells Have a Have a cell Have Have a Have a cell Have Can have Have cellulose Have large which contain cell sap in shape Never have No May have small food in shape

Eyepiece Lens Objective Lens Mirror Stage Focusing Knob Handle PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE Test

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE

BY NOW YOU SHOULD KNOW….. How to set up a microscope The parts of the microscope What the parts of the microscope do That slides need to be stained to be seen more clearly e.g. by Iodine

BY KNOW YOU SHOULD KNOW….. The main parts of a plant and animal cell The differences between plant and animal cells The similarities between plant and animal cells

NUCLEUS This is the control centre of any cell. It controls all of the cells chemical reactions. It is found in the Cytoplasm in both animal and plant cells It contains thread - like strands which are called Chromosomes. These have the Genes which instruct the cell on how it is to grow and function Chromosomes Genes

CYTOPLASM This is the jelly - like part of a cell where the nucleus is found. Chemical reactions take place here and different substances are made. Animal cells are made mainly of Cytoplasm but Plant Cells have a thin layer of Cytoplasm

CELL MEMBRANE It controls materials going in and out of the cell. This is a thin skin surrounding the Cytoplasm.

CELLULOSE CELL WALL Cell Membrane This holds plant cells together and gives it strength. Only plant cells have Cellulose Cell Walls they are never found in animal cells

VACUOLE This contains a watery liquid called Cell Sap which helps to keep the cell firm and stop the plant from wilting Plant cells have large vacuoles but only a few animal cells have small food vacuoles

CHLOROPLASTS These are structures found in the cytoplasm which contain Chlorophyll. This absorbs sunlight energy during Photosynthesis Only plant cells contain Chloroplasts

FUNCTIONS OF CELL PARTS PARTFUNCTIONS Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Cell Wall Vacuole Chloroplasts

The different parts of Plant and animal cells The main functions ( Jobs ) of the different parts of the cells BY NOW YOU SHOULD KNOW …..

SPECIALISATION Not all cells look the same Not all cells do the same job Different cells do different jobs ( functions ) They are Specialised They are adapted to do a particular special job Their shape and parts help them to do the special job - this is SPECIALISATION

WHAT ARE THESE? A B C D WHAT IS THEIR JOB (FUNCTION?) HOW ARE THEY ADAPTED? E N

A SPERM CELL Tail for swimming Nucleus with male chromosomes Acrosome to make a hole in the ovum wall for the sperm to get into the ovum Mitochondrion to make energy to move the tail Its job is to fertilize the ovum ( egg ) cell Test

A CELL Its job is to

A PALISADE CELL CHLOROPLASTS These have Chlorophyll which absorbs the energy from the sunlight and uses it to make sugar by Photosynthesis Makes food for the plant to use for growth, energy etc.

A CELL

A CILIATED EPITHELIAL CELL Cilia These cells line the windpipe and the Cilia trap dirt and dust particles stopping them blocking the lungs up and causing disease. The Cilia brush the dust up and out of the windpipe They also line the Oviduct and move the Egg along it towards the Womb

A CELL

A ROOT HAIR CELL Absorbs water from the surrounding soil particles. SOIL Root Hair gives the cell a larger surface area through which it can take in more water.

A CELL Absorbs the surrounding soil particles. SOIL.

AN OVUM CELL Contains the female set of chromosomes. Allows only one sperm inside before blocking any other ones from getting in Nucleus Cell Membrane

AN CELL

FUNCTIONS OF SPECIALISED CELLS PARTFUNCTIONS Sperm Ovum Ciliated Epithelial Cell Palisade Root Hair

ADAPTATIONS OF SPECIALISED CELLS PART ADAPTATIONS Sperm Ovum Ciliated Epithelial Cell Palisade Root Hair

WHAT ARE THESE? A B C D WHAT IS THEIR JOB (FUNCTION?) HOW ARE THEY ADAPTED? E N

BY NOW YOU SHOULD KNOW….. What is meant by Specialised Cell How to recognise four specialised cells What there functions are What adaptations the cells have to do their jobs

The remaining slides are Year 10 work. If you have finished and learned the work so far then have a go at these.

MORE SPECIALISED CELLS RED BLOOD CELL WHITE BLOOD CELL NERVE CELL MUSCLE CELL Click on these in turn and copy the diagrams and notes into your books. EXTRA WORK IF YOU HAVE FINISHED THE REST!

WHITE CELL Defends body against disease by killing Microbes - Bacteria and Viruses

White Cell Defends body against disease by killing Microbes - Bacteria and Viruses They do this by engulfing them - surrounding the bacteria and trapping it inside the cell and destroying it. They also make chemicals called Antibodies which kill the bacteria a few days after being infected. Bacterium

Red Blood Cell Carries Oxygen by joining it to the red pigment - Haemoglobin forming Oxyhaemoglobin To do this well it has no nucleus and a biconcave shape giving it more surface area to carry more Oxygen around the body

Dendrons connects with other nerve fibres Myelin Sheath insulates the fiibre A Nerve Fibre Muscle Cell Body Carries impulses from one part of the body to another. The longest cell in the body. Direction of impulse

Muscle Cells Long cells which pull when they get shorter ( contract) making different parts of our body move

Muscle Cells Long cells which pull when they get shorter ( contract) making different parts of our body move